Archive for the ‘bestpcb’ Category

Thursday, December 12th, 2024

What is the ffsd pcb connector? The FFSD PCB connector is a high-performance, high-reliability printed circuit board connector, usually used to connect flexible flat cables (FFC/FPC) and flexible printed circuits (FPC). The FFC/FPC cable connected by the FFSD connector has good flexibility, can bend and move in a small space, and can adapt to the connection requirements between circuit boards of different shapes and sizes.

What is a PCB connector?

The PCB connector is a connector specifically used to connect and fix printed circuit boards (PCBs). It usually adopts a pin press-in design with super strong FPC cable clamping force. It is mainly used for PCB board and board connection to ensure precise and reliable electrical connection.

In terms of classification, it is divided into plug-in type (convenient plug-in and replacement), crimping type (high reliability, suitable for vibration environment) and welding type (stable electrical performance, not easy to replace) according to the connection method; it is divided into power connector (transmitting power), signal connector (transmitting signals) and hybrid connector (transmitting power and signals at the same time) according to the purpose.

What is the ffsd pcb connector?

FFSD connector is a type of PCB connector with specific design, specifications and performance characteristics. FFSD connectors generally adopt specific contact systems and shell designs, with compact shells and unique locking devices, etc., to ensure the stability and reliability of the connection and adapt to its specific application scenarios and signal transmission requirements.

FFSD connectors are designed and developed for flexible connection with shielded flat cables. Its excellent characteristics enable it to perform well in environments with strict requirements for high anti-interference and compact layout, and can effectively connect flexible flat cables (FFC/FPC) and flexible printed circuits (FPC).

FFSD cables are mostly made of special flexible and anti-bending materials. The shielding layer on the surface can significantly reduce electromagnetic interference (EMI) in high-frequency environments, effectively ensure the stability and accuracy of signal transmission, and provide solid guarantees for the efficient and stable operation of various precision electronic equipment.

What is the structure of the ffsd pcb connector?

FFSD connectors are mostly designed with double-row pins, and the pin pitch is usually 0.050 inches (1.27mm), which can meet different signal transmission requirements. In addition, the number of pins generally ranges from 3 to 25, which can adapt to various circuit connection requirements.

The shell is generally made of insulating materials such as plastic, such as PBT, to provide mechanical support and protection for the connector, ensure the normal operation of the internal contact system, and enable the connector to be properly aligned and installed with other components. At the same time, the shell may also have some special designs, such as locking devices, which are used to fix the connector and the mating parts to prevent loosening or falling off during use.

The common installation method is cable installation, which connects the connector and the cable together through welding or crimping, and then connects the cable to the PCB board to achieve signal transmission. Some FFSD connectors may also support surface mount technology (SMT), directly soldering the connector on the surface of the PCB board to adapt to different circuit layouts and design requirements.

What are the most common PCB connectors?

Common PCB connectors include:

Pin-and-female connectors: They consist of a pin-and-female connector with metal pins and a female connector with a flexible metal sheet socket, used to connect between circuit boards or other components.

USB connector: There are many types such as Type-A and Type-B. The internal metal contact piece transmits power and data. It is widely used for data transmission and charging of computers, mobile phones and other devices.

HDMI connector: It contains multiple pins to transmit high-definition video and audio signals, has shielding measures, and is used to connect video sources and display devices.

SATA connector: It uses serial data transmission, has data and power interfaces, and is a key component for connecting hard disks, optical drives and motherboards in computers.

D-Sub connector (VGA connector): It is shaped like a “D”, and multiple pins transmit analog video signals. It is still used to connect computers and monitors in some old devices or low-resolution occasions.

RJ45 connector: It has 8 internal metal contacts, which are used for Ethernet connection. It is an important component for computer network card interfaces, router LAN interfaces, etc. to achieve wired network communication.

How to choose PCB connectors?

There are several key factors to consider when choosing PCB connectors:

Technical parameters: First, understand the technical requirements of the application, including pin spacing, welding method, rated voltage, rated current, number of plug-in and pull-out times, temperature range, board spacing, connector geometry, and solder hole diameter of the soldering lug.

Electrical performance: The electrical performance of the connector includes limiting current, contact resistance, insulation resistance, and dielectric strength.

Installation space: Pay attention to the outer dimensions and installation space of the connector to ensure that it does not interfere with other parts. Pay attention to the number of pins and spacing to avoid high temperature deformation during the soldering process of the SMT machine.

Packaging form: For automated assembly, the packaging form is also important. Common packaging forms include tape and reel packaging and strip boxes, the former is more suitable for mass production.

Suggestions for choosing different types of PCB connectors:

Pin and female headers: cheap and common, suitable for low-end, large-size devices. The advantages are cheap and convenient, and the disadvantages are large size and difficult to bend.

High-end board-to-board connectors: many pins, small size, suitable for compact products. The advantage is stable connection, the disadvantage is high price and cannot be plugged and unplugged frequently.

Thickened board-to-board connector: suitable for development boards and test boards, the advantage is cheap and easy to connect and measure, the disadvantage is large size and not suitable for mass production scenarios.

FPC connector: suitable for the connection between the main board and the sub-board, the advantage is small size and flexibility, the disadvantage is high price.

How does the ffsd pcb connector work?

The working principle of the ffsd pcb connector is mainly based on the design and manufacture of printed circuit boards (PCBs). PCB connectors are made of printed circuits and printed components or a combination of the two by pre-designing on insulating materials to achieve electrical connections between electronic components.

Specific working mechanism of PCB connectors

Electrical connection: The wires and metal lines on the PCB are used to connect electronic components. The electrical performance requirements of the circuit are met by laying out and designing the parameters such as the path, width and spacing of the wires.

Mechanical support: PCB provides mechanical support and fixation for electronic components, fixes components by welding, plug-in or surface mounting, and ensures the relative position and stability between components.

Signal transmission: The wires and circuit paths on the PCB are used to transmit signals in electronic devices, considering factors such as signal integrity, noise suppression and interconnection length to ensure stable signal transmission and reduce interference2.

PCB connectors include not only traditional pin connectors and terminal blocks, but also various forms such as SMT (surface mount technology) and BGA (ball grid array).

The design and manufacture of these connectors have improved the miniaturization, integration and reliability of electronic products. In practical applications, PCB connectors are widely used in various electronic devices as an important carrier for connecting, supporting and managing electronic components.

What are the advantages of ffsd pcb connector?

The advantages of FFSD PCB connectors mainly include the following points:

High flexibility and adaptability: The FFC/FPC cable connected by the FFSD connector has good flexibility, can bend and move in a small space, and can adapt to the connection requirements between circuit boards of different shapes and sizes.

Excellent anti-interference ability: The shielding layer on the surface of the FFSD cable can effectively reduce electromagnetic interference in high-frequency environments, ensure the stability and reliability of signal transmission, and enable the equipment to work normally in complex electromagnetic environments.

High reliability: The locking mechanism of the connector can firmly fix the cable to prevent it from loosening or falling off due to vibration, impact and other factors during use, ensuring the stability of the connection, thereby improving the reliability and service life of the entire electronic system.

Good electrical performance: It can meet the requirements of high-speed signal transmission, has low contact resistance and transmission loss, and ensures the integrity and accuracy of the signal.

High degree of customization: FFSD connectors can be customized according to specific application requirements, such as cable length, width, bending angle, number of connector pins, spacing, etc. can be designed on demand, which can better meet personalized connection needs.

What are the applications of ffsd pcb connectors?

FFSD PCB connectors usually refer to FFC/FPC PCB connectors, which are widely used, mainly in the following fields:

Consumer electronics: Connecting various components in smartphones and tablets to meet their small space, multi-function, and thin requirements, and ensure signal and power transmission.

Medical electronics: In monitoring, imaging, circuits and displays, it helps data acquisition and processing to meet the needs of small and portable equipment.

Industrial control: Connect key components in automated production lines and instrumentation to achieve signal interaction and coordination, and improve production and equipment performance.

Communication equipment: Connect related modules in base stations, optical communications, routers, etc. to ensure stable signal transmission and adapt to high-speed communication and anti-interference requirements.

Aerospace: Applied to avionics and satellite communication equipment to ensure stable signals and reliable operation of equipment in harsh environments, which is related to flight and communication safety.

As a high-performance and high-reliability electronic connection component, FFSD PCB connector plays an indispensable role in modern electronic devices. Its high flexibility, anti-interference ability, miniaturization, convenient assembly, high reliability, good electrical performance, high degree of customization and cost-effectiveness have made it widely used in consumer electronics, automotive electronics, medical electronics, industrial control, communication equipment, aerospace and other fields.

What is the function of PCB nickel plating?

The main functions of PCB nickel plating include improving wear resistance, preventing metal diffusion, enhancing mechanical strength, and adapting to the requirements of hot pressure welding and brazing.

Nickel plating on PCB (Printed Circuit Board) can significantly improve the wear resistance of switch contacts, contacts or plug gold. At the same time, the nickel layer acts as a barrier layer, which can effectively prevent the diffusion of copper and other metals, thereby protecting the circuit board. performance and lifespan.

In addition, the nickel layer can also improve the mechanical strength of the gold layer, making it more suitable as a substrate coating for precious and base metals.

Corrosion resistance: The nickel plating layer can well protect the surface of the circuit board and enhance its corrosion resistance, allowing the circuit board to still operate stably in harsh environments.

Resistivity: The resistivity of the circuit board can be increased by nickel plating, especially in high-frequency circuits, which improves the signal transmission quality of the circuit board.

Solderability: Nickel plating makes the surface of the circuit board easier to handle, increasing its solderability.

Signal transmission performance: The nickel plating layer has good electrical conductivity and can reduce signal transmission loss.

Mechanical strength and durability: Nickel plating can increase the mechanical strength and durability of the circuit board and extend its service life.

How thick is PCB nickel plating?

The thickness of PCB nickel plating is usually around 2~2.5μm. The main function of the nickel plating layer is to serve as the bottom layer for gold or other precious metal plating, providing good bonding and protection. The thickness control of the nickel plating layer is very important for the appearance and quality of the product. Generally, a nickel layer thickness of about 5 μm is required to be sufficient.

PCB nickel plating thickness calculation formula

The calculation formula for PCB nickel plating layer thickness is: plating thickness (um) = current density (ASF) × plating time (min) × plating efficiency (%) × 0.01821.

Formula explanation

Current Density (ASF): The number of amperes passing per unit area per square foot.

Electroplating time (min): The time required for electroplating, in minutes.

Electroplating efficiency (%): The actual utilization efficiency of current during the electroplating process, usually between 90% and 100%.

0.0182: This is a plating coefficient used to convert current density, plating time and plating efficiency into plating thickness.

Assuming that the current density is 10 ASF, the plating time is 30 minutes, and the plating efficiency is 95%, the thickness of the nickel plating layer is calculated as follows:

Current Density: 10 ASF

Plating time: 30 minutes

Plating efficiency: 95% (0.95)

Plating coefficient: 0.0182

Coating thickness = 10 × 30 × 0.95 × 0.0182 = 5.274 um

What are the differences between PCB nickel plating and tin spraying?

1. Process principle

Nickel plating: Nickel plating is to electrochemically deposit a layer of metallic nickel on the surface of the circuit board. This process can enhance the electrical conductivity, corrosion resistance and welding performance of the circuit board.

Spray tin: Spray tin uses thermal spray technology to spray a layer of tin alloy on the surface of the circuit board. The tin spray process can protect the circuit board from oxidation and corrosion while improving the reliability of welding.

2. Application effect

Nickel plating effect: The surface of the circuit board after nickel plating has a uniform luster, and the nickel layer is closely combined with the base material, which can effectively resist the erosion of the external environment. In addition, the nickel layer also has good ductility and toughness, which is beneficial to subsequent processing and assembly.

Tin spraying effect: The surface of the circuit board after tin spraying presents a dense tin alloy layer with good electrical conductivity and corrosion resistance. The tin spray process can also adjust the thickness and uniformity of the tin layer according to needs to meet the needs of different application scenarios.

3. Applicable scenarios

Applicable scenarios for nickel plating: Nickel plating process is suitable for circuit boards with high requirements on conductivity, corrosion resistance and welding performance, such as communication equipment, automotive electronics and other fields. In addition, nickel plating is also commonly used for repair and reinforcement of circuit boards.

Applicable scenarios for spray tin: The spray tin process is more suitable for circuit boards that require higher welding reliability and oxidation resistance, such as household appliances, industrial control and other fields. At the same time, the tin spray process is also suitable for decorative treatment on the surface of circuit boards.

The role of nickel sulfamate in pcb nickel plating

1. Improve electroplating efficiency: Nickel sulfamate can promote the electroplating reaction, significantly increase the electroplating speed, thereby shortening the electroplating time.

2. Improve coating quality: Nickel sulfamate can inhibit the crystallization of nickel in the electroplating solution, making it smaller and more uniform, thereby forming a denser and more uniform nickel coating.

3. Reduce internal stress: Nickel sulfamate helps reduce the internal stress of the coating, which is particularly important when plating complex-shaped objects to avoid cracking or peeling of the coating.

4. Control the pH value of the solution: Nickel sulfamate can maintain the stability of the pH value of the electroplating solution, which is crucial to ensuring the consistency of electroplating quality.

How to solder nickel-plated pins on PCB?

Preparation before welding: Before welding, first apply flux on the pad and treat it with a soldering iron to prevent poor welding caused by poor tin plating or oxidation of the pad. For the chip, use tweezers to carefully place the PQFP chip on the PCB board, making sure the chip is placed in the correct orientation and the pins are aligned.

Soldering the chip: Adjust the temperature of the soldering iron to above 300 degrees Celsius, dip a small amount of solder on the tip of the soldering iron, and use a tool to press down the aligned chip. Solder the two pins at diagonal locations to secure the chip. When soldering all pins, make sure the tip of the soldering iron is parallel to the soldering pins to prevent overlapping and overlapping soldering.

Check and adjust: After soldering all pins, wet all pins with flux to clean the solder, suck off excess solder to eliminate shorts and overlaps. Use tweezers to check for mis-soldering.

Things to note when welding:

Temperature control: Pay attention to temperature control when welding to avoid poor welding due to too high or too low temperature.

Pin handling: During the soldering process, make sure the pins are moist to avoid weak soldering caused by improper pin handling.

Frequently asked questions and solutions:

Pad Oxidation: If the pad is oxidized, it can lead to poor soldering. You can apply flux and treat the pads before soldering.

Damaged pins: Be careful when using tweezers to avoid damaging the pins.

PCB nickel gold plating process

Degreasing: First, the PCB is degreased to remove grease and dirt on the surface to ensure that the coating can be firmly adhered to the PCB surface.
Water washing: After degreasing, wash with water to remove residual degreasing agent.
Neutralization: Use a neutralizing agent to treat the PCB surface to adjust its pH value in preparation for subsequent steps.
Water washing: After neutralization, wash again to ensure that the neutralizer residue is removed.
Micro-etching: perform slight corrosion treatment on PCB to remove the oxide layer on the surface and increase the adhesion of the coating.
Water washing: Wash with water after micro-etching to remove residual micro-etching agent.
Pre-soak: Soak the PCB in a pre-soak solution to further prepare the surface.
Palladium activation: Use palladium activation solution to treat the PCB surface to enhance the adhesion of the coating.
Air blowing and agitation for water washing: Use air blowing and agitation for water washing to ensure that the surface is clean.
Electroless nickel: A layer of electroless nickel is deposited on the surface of the PCB as the bottom layer.
Hot water washing: After electroless nickel deposition, hot water washing is performed to remove residual electroless nickel solution.
Electroless Gold: A layer of electroless gold is deposited on the electroless nickel layer to form the final gold plating layer.
Recycling water washing: After electroless gold deposition, recycling water washing is performed to remove residual electroless gold solution.
Post-processing water washing: Carry out final water washing to ensure the surface is clean.
Drying: Finally, drying is performed to complete the entire nickel gold plating process.

PCB finition nickel or électrolytique effet champagne refers to a specific surface treatment that enhances the visual and functional qualities of printed circuit boards.

This finish involves the application of a nickel layer, often followed by an electrolytic coating such as gold, which creates a sparkling, champagne-like effect. The aesthetic appeal is complemented by functional advantages, including improved solderability, corrosion resistance, and enhanced conductivity.

The “effet champagne” is particularly desirable in high-end electronics or luxury applications, where both performance and appearance are critical. This finish ensures durability while delivering an elegant visual characteristic that sets the product apart.

PCB nickel plating layer adhesion test standard national standard

The national standard for PCB nickel plating layer adhesion testing is GB/T 9286-1998. This standard applies to coating adhesion testing, including nickel plating. Testing methods include peeling test, scratch test and impact test, etc. The specific test method chosen can be determined according to the characteristics and requirements of the test material.

Test method

Cross-hatch test: Use a sharp blade to cut 10 × 10 small grids of 1 mm × 1 mm on the surface of the nickel plating layer. Each scratch line should be as deep as the bottom layer of the plating layer. Then use a soft brush to clean the debris in the test area, and stick a tape with an adhesion of 350 g/cm² to 400g/cm² (such as 3M No. 600 tape). After wiping hard, pull off the tape quickly in the vertical direction and observe the coating. Shedding condition.

Peeling test: Peel off the nickel-plated sample and observe whether the coating peels off or deforms.

Impact test: Conduct an impact test on the nickel plating layer to observe its impact resistance.

Judgment criteria

5B: The edge of the scribed line is smooth, and there is no coating peeling off at the edge and intersection of the scribed line.
4B: There is a small piece of coating peeling off at the intersection of the scribed lines, and the total peeling area is less than 5%.
3B: There are small pieces of coating peeling off at the edges and intersections of the scribed lines, and the total peeling area is between 5% and 15%.
2B: There are pieces of coating peeling off at the edges and intersections of the scribed lines, and the total peeling area is between 15% and 35%.
1B: There are pieces of coating peeling off at the edges and intersections of the scribed lines, and the total peeling area is between 35% and 65%.
0B: There are pieces of coating peeling off at the edges and intersections of the scribed lines, and the total peeling area is greater than 65%2.

PCB nickel plating process flow and solutions to common problems

Surface treatment: Before nickel plating a circuit board, the surface of the circuit board needs to be properly treated to ensure that the surface finish and roughness meet the requirements.

Electrolyte formula: The formula of electrolyte has a great influence on the quality of nickel plating on circuit boards. The formula and concentration need to be adjusted according to specific requirements.

Coating thickness: Anti-corrosion performance is related to coating thickness and needs to be controlled according to actual needs.

Nickel layer structure: The nickel layer obtained by nickel plating on the circuit board should be tight and strong, without defects such as cracks and pores.

Subsequent processing: After nickel plating the circuit board, a series of subsequent processing is required, such as washing, polishing, cleaning, packaging and other operations.

PCB nickel plating is an important electronic manufacturing process, which can provide PCB with protection against copper oxidation, improve wear resistance, enhance corrosion resistance and improve welding performance. In the PCB nickel plating process, key points such as plating solution formula, process parameters, equipment and environment, and quality control need to be paid attention to to ensure the quality and consistency of nickel plating.

What are the common colors of PCB?

Common colors of PCB include green, blue, black, red, yellow, white, purple and brown. These colors are mainly used for identification, aesthetics and special applications. Although they do not affect circuit performance, they play an important role in product design.

Green is the most common color because green solder mask ink is cost-effective, has good visual contrast, is easy to check welding quality and circuit layout, and is friendly to the human eye.

Blue has also gradually increased in recent years, providing a different visual effect from green, appearing novel and high-end, and is suitable for electronic products that pursue product appearance differentiation.

Black gives people a high-end and mysterious feeling. It is often used in high-end audio equipment, gaming hardware, etc., but the production process has high process requirements and defects are difficult to detect.

Red is often used in high-end communication equipment, military electronic products, etc., because it has good thermal stability and weather resistance, and is suitable for use in high temperature and harsh environments.

Yellow was once widely used, but it is now less used due to poor contrast with routing and screen printing.

White looks clean and neat in various environments, but it is less used because it easily hides routing.

Colors such as purple, brown and pink are also used, but they are relatively rare.

The choice of these colors not only affects the appearance and brand image of the product, but also reflects the cost considerations of designers and manufacturers to a certain extent.

What is black core pcb?

Black core PCB is a multi-layer PCB board that is favored for its unique manufacturing process and performance. The manufacturing process of black core PCB includes multiple complex steps to ensure its excellent quality and performance and meet the needs of electronic equipment for complex circuits.

Layout finishing: Engineers need to organize and check the PCB layout to ensure that the CAD file is converted into a unified format and meets the requirements of the manufacturing process.

Core board production: Clean the copper clad board and use UV lamp to cure the copper foil under the photosensitive film to form the required circuit layout.

Core board punching and inspection: This step ensures the precise alignment between layers.

Lamination technology: Use prepreg as adhesive and insulating material to fix the layers at high temperature.

Drilling and hole wall copper chemical precipitation: Prepare for electroplating.

Outer PCB etching: Complete the production of the entire multi-layer PCB layout.

Solder mask: Apply solder mask to prevent the copper circuit from contacting the outside world.

Silk screen: Silk screen component identification symbols, test points and other marks on the PCB.

Surface treatment: Apply a protective layer such as OSP (organic solderability protective layer) or gold.

Solder mask window: Remove the solder mask through UV light and etching to expose the pad.

The black color of black core PCB usually comes from the special ink used in the solder mask layer. Compared with other colors of solder mask ink, it may have higher UV resistance, better protect the PCB from damage when exposed to sunlight for a long time, and has better electromagnetic shielding performance, which can reduce the impact of external electromagnetic interference on the circuit on the PCB.

What are the advantages of black core PCB?

The advantages of black core PCB mainly include the following aspects:

Better heat dissipation performance: Black core PCB uses a black substrate, which can better absorb and release heat. Therefore, in a high-temperature working environment, black core PCB can better dissipate heat and ensure the normal operation of the circuit board.

Superior electromagnetic shielding performance: The black solder mask used in black core PCB provides better electromagnetic compatibility and radio frequency interference shielding effect, which helps to reduce signal interference.

Higher reliability: The substrate of black core PCB has good heat dissipation performance, which can effectively solve the problems of aging of traditional circuit board substrate and capacitor leakage, thereby improving the reliability and durability of the circuit board.

Beautiful and anti-plagiarism: Black PCB board gives people a high-end and technological impression, which is suitable for some high-end electronic products.

What are the disadvantages of black core PCB?

The main disadvantages of black core PCB include the following:

Cost issue: Because black ink has a higher coverage requirement and stricter manufacturing accuracy requirements, this increases the difficulty and cost of production.

Difficulty in detection: Although black PCB can improve the visibility of soldering quality in some cases, under some lighting conditions, the black surface may reflect light, making it difficult to identify small defects during automatic optical inspection (AOI).

Thermal expansion problem: Because black PCB has strong heat absorption performance, this may cause the thermal expansion rate of PCB to increase under high temperature environment, thus affecting the long-term stability and reliability of the circuit board.

Color difference problem: In the process of washing PCB, black is the most likely to cause color difference, which will cause the PCB defect rate to increase due to color difference.

Common misunderstandings about black core PCB

Some people think that black PCB is difficult to produce, costly, and has high maintenance costs. But in fact, the production cost of black PCB is not necessarily higher than other colors, and the maintenance cost is related to product quality control, not color.

The second misunderstanding is that black core PCB is only suitable for high-end applications, which is also incorrect. Black printed circuit boards can be used in any application, from high-end to low-end, and black PCBs may be used in products of all grades. The grade of the product cannot be judged simply by the color of the PCB.

Some people think that the circuit routing of black PCB is difficult to identify, which increases the difficulty of later maintenance and debugging. But in fact, debugging is assisted by drawings, and maintenance mainly relies on tools and experience, rather than identifying circuit routing with the naked eye.

What are the applications of black core PCB?

The application field of black core PCB is very wide, mainly including the following aspects:

Smartphones: Black core PCB has good electromagnetic compatibility and radio frequency interference shielding effect, which can ensure the stable operation of mobile phones in complex electromagnetic environments, and the black appearance is consistent with the overall design style of the mobile phone, which improves the texture and aesthetics of the product.

Computer field: Black core PCB has important applications in computers, especially in high-performance hardware such as CPU and graphics card. Black core PCB provides a stable operating platform to ensure the stable operation of the equipment.

Camera: The excellent electrical performance and anti-interference ability of black core PCB can meet the needs of cameras, and its black appearance is consistent with the professional image of cameras, which can enhance the overall quality of cameras.

Medical devices: Black core PCBs are also used in medical devices, such as MRI, CT, color ultrasound and other equipment to ensure the stable operation and signal transmission of the equipment.

Why are common PCBs all green solder mask?

The main reasons for the common PCBs to use green solder mask include the following aspects:

Performance and visual effects: First, the visual effect of green ink in the yellow light room is better than other colors, making the logo and tracking lines on the circuit board more clearly visible. In the surface mount technology (SMT) welding process, the green background has a good recognition effect on the instrument, which helps to improve production efficiency and quality.

Environmental protection and cost considerations: Compared with blue and black inks, green ink is more environmentally friendly. Blue ink is doped with cobalt and black ink is doped with carbon. These components may release toxic gases at high temperatures. Green ink does not contain these components, so it is safer.

Convenience of observation and maintenance for workers: Under strong light, green has minimal stimulation to the eyes, which helps reduce eye fatigue and enables workers to maintain clear vision for longer.

Usage habits and brand recognition: Due to the advantages of green ink in many aspects, it has become the preferred color in PCB manufacturing. This usage habit has been continued and consolidated for a long time.

In short, copper black PCB, as a special type of PCB, features a black solder mask, which not only improves the texture and grade of the product, but also performs well in terms of light blocking, electromagnetic shielding performance, heat dissipation performance, etc., meeting the diverse needs of PCBs in different fields, and playing an important role in high-end electronic products, optical equipment, automotive electronics and medical equipment.

How to create a new PCB in Altium?

Creating a new PCB in Altium mainly includes the following steps:

1. Create a new PCB file

To create a new file: Open the Altium software, select the “File” menu, and then click the “New” option. In the pop-up submenu, select “PCB”, so that a new blank PCB file is created. You can also use the shortcut key “Ctrl + N”, and then select “PCB Document” in the pop-up “New Document” dialog box to create it.

2. Set PCB parameters

Unit setting: Select “Document Option” in the “Design” menu. In the pop-up dialog box, you can select the unit of the PCB. Generally, there are two units to choose from: imperial (mil) and metric (mm).

Grid setting: Also in the “Document Options” dialog box, switch to the “Grids” tab. You can set the Visible Grid and Snap Grid. The visible grid is used as a visual reference during the design process to help users align components and wiring.

Define the board frame: You can use the “Line” tool or the “Keep – Out” tool in the “Place” menu to draw the border of the PCB. If you use the “Line” tool, you need to manually draw a closed polygon to represent the shape of the PCB; the area drawn with the “Keep – Out” tool indicates the range where wiring is prohibited, and can also be used as the boundary of the PCB.

Precisely set the size: Select “Board Shape” in the “Design” menu, and then select “Redefine Board Shape”. At this time, the mouse cursor will become a cross shape. Use the mouse to click on the previously drawn board frame lines, and the software will automatically redefine the shape and size of the PCB based on these lines.

3. Add component library

Open the component library panel: In the “Libraries” panel on the right, if it is not displayed, you can open it through the “Workspace Panels” option in the “View” menu, and then select “Libraries”.

Add library files: In the component library panel, click the “Libraries” button, and in the pop-up “Available Libraries” dialog box, select the “Install” option. Then find the required component library file in the file browser (usually *.IntLib or *.SchLib and *.PcbLib files), select and click “Open” to add the component library to the software.

4. Place components

Find components: After the component library is added, you can find the components that need to be placed on the PCB in the component library panel. You can quickly locate the component by entering the component name, model or package type in the search box.

Place components: After finding the required component, double-click the component name or click the component name and select the “Place” option. The mouse cursor will change to the shape of the component. Move the mouse to the appropriate position in the PCB editing area and click the left mouse button to place the component. During the placement process, you can rotate the component by pressing the space bar to adjust the direction of the component.

5. Component layout

Manual layout: After placing the component, you need to layout the component. When manually laying out, you can adjust the position of the component based on factors such as the electrical connection relationship between components, signal flow, and the mechanical structure of the PCB.

Automatic layout (optional): Altium also provides an automatic layout function. Select the “Component Placement” option in the “Tools” menu, and then select “Auto Place”. However, the result of automatic layout may not be ideal, and manual adjustments are usually required based on the automatic layout to achieve the best layout effect.

6. Wiring

Set wiring rules: Before wiring, you need to set wiring rules. Select the “Rules” option in the “Design” menu. In the pop-up “PCB Rules and Constraints Editor” dialog box, you can set various routing rules such as line width, routing spacing, and via size.

Start routing: Select the “Interactive Routing” option in the “Route” menu, or use the shortcut key “Ctrl + W”, and the mouse cursor will become a cross shape. Click a component pin as the starting point for routing, and then move the mouse to the target pin. The software will automatically generate routing according to the set routing rules. During the routing process, you can switch the routing mode by pressing the “Shift + Space” key combination, such as 45° routing, 90° routing, etc.

7. Design Verification

Electrical Rule Check (ERC): Select the “Design Rule Check” option in the “Tools” menu. In the pop-up “Design Rule Check” dialog box, set the items and parameters to be checked, and then click the “Run DRC” button. The software will check whether the PCB design complies with the previously set routing rules, such as whether there are short circuits, open circuits, insufficient spacing, etc., and generate a check report.

3D view check (optional): Altium also provides a 3D view function, which can help users check the PCB design more intuitively. Select the “Switch to 3D” option in the “View” menu, and the software will display the PCB design in 3D.

Through the above steps, you can create a new PCB in Altium. In the actual design process, you may need to repeatedly adjust and optimize each step according to the specific design requirements and complexity to obtain a high-quality PCB design.

What is the difference between a schematic and a PCB?

The main differences between a schematic and a PCB are in terms of definition, purpose, content, and form of expression.

1. Definition and purpose

Schematic: A schematic is also called a circuit diagram or electrical schematic. It uses graphic symbols to represent circuit components and their connections. The schematic mainly describes the working principle of an electronic device and does not involve a specific physical layout.

PCB: A PCB diagram is a printed circuit board diagram, which is a mapping drawing of a circuit board, detailing the routing, component location, size, and connection method of the circuit board. PCB diagram is the direct basis for the actual production of circuit boards. It is mainly used to guide the manufacturing and assembly process of PCB boards to ensure that components are placed correctly and lines are connected accurately.

2. Content and form of expression

Schematic diagram: The schematic diagram represents components and connection lines in a symbolic form, clearly showing the working principle and logical relationship of the circuit. It does not involve specific physical layout and size, so it is relatively flexible and easy to modify and optimize.

PCB diagram: The PCB diagram shows the actual layout and electrical connection of components, including copper foil lines, pads and vias. PCB diagram is the basis of circuit board manufacturing, involving specific physical layout and connection methods. Once determined, the modification is more complicated.

How to make a PCB from schematic?

Making a PCB from a schematic can be divided into the following steps:

Drawing a schematic diagram: Use circuit design software (such as Altium Designer, Eagle, etc.) to draw a circuit schematic diagram, including the connection relationship of each electronic component.

Design PCB: According to the component layout and connection relationship in the schematic diagram, PCB layout design is performed in the PCB design software, including component placement, wiring, etc.

Generate Gerber files: Export the designed PCB files as Gerber files, which is a standard PCB manufacturing file format that contains information about each layer of the PCB, such as copper foil layer, silk screen layer, solder mask layer, etc.

Make PCB: Send the generated Gerber files to the PCB manufacturer or use PCB manufacturing equipment for production. The PCB manufacturer will make the actual PCB circuit board according to the Gerber file.

Solder components: Solder the electronic components to the manufactured PCB circuit board to complete the circuit assembly.

Test and debug: Test and debug the assembled circuit board to ensure that the circuit functions normally.

Can Altium open Gerber files?

Altium Designer can open Gerber files. The specific steps are as follows:

Open Altium Designer software, select “File” in the menu bar, then select “New”, and then click “Cam document” in its drop-down submenu to create a new CAM file.

In the newly created CAM file, select the “Import” sub-item of the “File” menu item, and then select “Gerber” to start importing Gerber files.

Select the Gerber file to be opened in the pop-up window, click “Open”, and then click the “OK” button in the pop-up “Import Gerber” window, and the Gerber file can be successfully opened.

How do I convert PCB to schematic in Altium?

To convert PCB to schematic in Altium, first open the PCB file and export the network table through the “Design” menu (select the appropriate format such as Protel format). Then create a new schematic file and import the previously exported network table through the “Design” menu. Then manually adjust the component layout to make it more reasonable, and finally check whether the connection relationship is correct and improve the schematic, add annotations and logos, etc.

How do you place components from schematic in Altium?

In Altium Designer, first make sure that the required component library has been added. If not, you can add it by opening it in the “Workspace Panels” under the “Libraries” panel menu. Click the “Libraries” button, select “Install) in the “Available Libraries” dialog box that pops up, and find the component library file (such as *.SchLib) and add it.

In the “Libraries” panel, enter keywords such as component name, model or package type in the search box to find the components to be placed. You can also expand the corresponding library folder in the library list and browse to find the components.

After finding the component, there are two ways to place it. One is to double-click the component name directly, and the mouse cursor will change to the shape of the component; the other is to click the component name and select the “Place” option.

Move the mouse to the schematic editing area and click the left mouse button to place the component in the appropriate position. During the placement process, you can press the space bar to rotate the component and adjust its direction. Repeat this operation and place all the required components one by one into the schematic according to the schematic design.

How to make a PCB board step by step?

PCB manufacturing: After receiving the file, the PCB manufacturer manufactures it according to the file information. The manufacturing process includes multiple process steps such as inner layer pattern production, lamination, outer layer pattern production, drilling, electroplating, solder mask coating and silk screen characters.

Component assembly: After the PCB is manufactured, the components are assembled by manual welding or automated equipment, and the electronic components are installed on the PCB board according to the requirements of the BOM and schematic diagram to complete the production of the PCB board.

Functional test: Use test equipment to perform functional tests on the assembled PCB board to check whether the circuit can work normally and whether it meets the design requirements.

Performance debugging: For some complex circuits, performance debugging may be required, such as adjusting component parameters, optimizing signal processing, etc., to improve the performance and stability of the circuit.

In short, throughout the design process, continuous adjustments and optimizations are required to ensure the performance, reliability and manufacturability of the PCB. At the same time, Altium Designer also provides many other functions and tools to help you better complete PCB design tasks.

What is PCB electroplating?

PCB electroplating refers to the process of depositing metal on the surface of a printed circuit board (PCB) through electrolysis to form a uniform, dense and well-bonded metal coating. This process is crucial in PCB production and directly affects the integration, conductivity, signal transmission and function of the PCB.

What is the difference between electroless nickel and electroplating?

Electroplating is the process of depositing a metal or alloy layer on the surface of a substrate through electrolysis. Specifically, PCB electroplating is the process of depositing metal on the surface of a PCB using electric current electrolysis to form a metal coating. This process does not include chemical copper plating, but is achieved through electrolysis.

What material is used in PCB plating?

The materials commonly used in PCB electroplating include metals such as copper, nickel, gold, silver, as well as electroplating solutions and various additives. These materials play different roles in the electroplating process and jointly ensure the quality and stability of the electroplated layer.

Main electroplating materials and their functions

1. Copper: As the basic conductive layer of the circuit board, it has good conductivity and solderability.

2. Nickel: As a barrier layer, it can effectively prevent the copper layer from oxidizing, while improving the hardness and wear resistance of the plating.

3. Gold: Due to its excellent conductivity and corrosion resistance, it is often used as a contact surface plating layer to improve the reliability and life of the circuit board.

4. Silver: Although it has excellent conductivity, it is expensive and easy to oxidize, and is mostly used in special occasions.

What is the difference between electroless nickel and electroplating?

The main differences between PCB chemical nickel plating and electroplating nickel are the principles, process steps, application areas, plating quality and environmental protection.

1. Principle and process steps

Electroplating nickel: Using an external current, a nickel layer is deposited on a conductive object (cathode) through electrolysis. The anode is usually pure nickel, and the current passes through the nickel salt (such as nickel sulfate, nickel chloride, etc.) in the plating solution to form a nickel layer on the surface of the object.

Chemical nickel plating: No external current is required, but a chemical nickel plating solution is used to reduce nickel ions to metallic nickel in the solution, which is deposited on the surface of the object that has been specially treated, that is, catalyzed, to form a nickel plating layer.

2. Application areas and plating quality

Electroplating nickel: It is widely used on metal parts that need to enhance conductivity, wear resistance or appearance decoration. The thickness of the electroplated nickel layer is easy to control, which can be achieved by adjusting the current and plating time, and a high-gloss nickel layer can be obtained.

Chemical nickel plating: It is suitable for nickel plating of complex shapes or non-conductive materials. The uniformity of the chemically plated nickel layer is good, and even objects with complex geometric shapes can obtain a uniform thickness of the plating.

3. Environmental protection and cost

Electroplating nickel: Due to the need for external current and complex equipment, the cost is relatively high.

Chemical nickel plating: Most of the additives used are food grade, and no harmful substances such as lead, cadmium, and cyanide are used, so it is more environmentally friendly.

4. Binding strength and color

Binding strength: The binding strength of chemical nickel plating is generally higher than that of electroplated nickel.

Color: Currently, chemical nickel plating technology only has one color of pure nickel-phosphorus alloy on the market, while electroplating can achieve multiple colors.

What are the advantages of electroless plating over electroplating?

PCB chemical nickel plating has the following advantages over electroplating:

All-over plating ability: The chemical nickel plating layer has a higher all-over plating ability. As long as the solute exchange is sufficient in the place where the plating solution can be immersed, the chemical nickel plating layer will be very uniform. The electroplating layer will have a weaker all-over plating ability than chemical nickel plating due to the influence of current density.

Applicability: The chemical nickel plating process can plate the entire surface of any shape of workpiece, and there is no special requirement for the shape of the workpiece, and it is more universal.

Binding strength and corrosion resistance: The binding strength of the chemical nickel plating layer is generally higher than that of the electroplated nickel layer, which affects the later corrosion resistance and acid and alkali resistance of the workpiece. Chemical nickel plating performs better in terms of corrosion resistance.

Production efficiency and cost: The generation speed of chemical nickel plating is faster than that of electroplating, which greatly improves production efficiency and saves energy and manpower.

What are the disadvantages of electroless nickel plating?

The main disadvantages of electroless nickel plating on PCB include:

High cost: Compared with traditional surface treatment technology, chemical nickel plating requires professional equipment and technical investment, resulting in high cost.

Coating thickness limit: Theoretically, the thickness of the coating should be unlimited, but in actual operation, the thickness of the coating is limited and it is difficult to plate thick.

Slow deposition rate: The deposition rate of chemical nickel plating is slow, and it takes a long time to complete the coating.

Poor brightness: The brightness of chemical nickel plating is worse than that of decorative electroplating.

Environmental impact: During the treatment process, waste liquid containing difficult-to-degrade chemicals will be generated. It takes a lot of manpower and material resources to treat these waste liquids, which has a certain impact on the environment.

Poor plating solution stability: The plating solution of chemical nickel plating has poor stability, complex composition, troublesome maintenance, adjustment and regeneration, and high material cost.

What is the standard PCB plating?

The standards for PCB plating mainly include two main standards: IPC-4552 and IPC-6012. The IPC-4552 standard specifies two main forms of gold plating: hard gold salt plating and soft gold salt plating. For hard gold salt plating, the minimum thickness is 1.27μm and the maximum thickness is 2.54μm; for soft gold salt plating, the minimum thickness is 0.23-0.76μm and the maximum thickness is 1.91μm.

Material standard: The nickel purity of the nickel plating is usually high, generally above 99%. High-purity nickel can ensure the basic properties of the plating, such as good corrosion resistance and stability.

Thickness standard: When nickel is used as a protective plating (such as under the gold plating), the thickness is generally between 3-10μm. It can effectively resist the erosion of the underlying metal by the external environment, ensuring that the PCB maintains good performance during long-term use.

Appearance standard: The surface of the nickel plating should have a uniform color, generally a slightly shiny silver-white. If the color is uneven, it may indicate inconsistent plating thickness or uneven plating solution composition, which may affect its corrosion resistance and decorative properties.

Smoothness requirements: The surface of the plating should be relatively smooth and should not have obvious roughness. At the microscopic level, its surface roughness must meet certain standards to avoid affecting subsequent processing technology and electrical performance. At the same time, the surface should not have obvious pits, protrusions, pinholes and other defects.

Plating adhesion: Commonly used tape or cross-grid test method, the general electronics industry is qualified if the shedding area does not exceed 5%, and the high reliability industry has stricter requirements, not exceeding 1%.

How durable is electroless nickel plating?

The durability of PCB chemical nickel plating is mainly reflected in its hardness, wear resistance, corrosion resistance and bonding strength.

The hardness of the chemical nickel plating layer is usually high, generally 400-700HV. After proper heat treatment, the hardness can be further increased to approach or even exceed the hardness of the chromium plating layer, so it has good wear resistance.

In addition, the chemical nickel plating layer has a low porosity and easy passivation of the plating surface, showing high corrosion resistance, especially in media such as acid, alkali, salt, ammonia and seawater. Its corrosion resistance is even better than that of stainless steel.

The bonding force between the chemical nickel plating layer and the substrate is generally high, which helps to maintain the integrity and stability of the plating layer during long-term use.

How long does nickel electroplating last?

The service life of PCB nickel electroplating mainly depends on the use environment and maintenance. Specifically, the replacement cycle of the nickel electroplating plate is not fixed, but varies according to the use environment and conditions.

The main factors affecting the service life of the nickel electroplating plate include:

Wear degree: The nickel electroplating plate will gradually wear due to friction during use. When the surface wear degree exceeds 30%, the protection performance will drop significantly, and replacement should be considered at this time.

Surface scratches: If visible scratches appear on the surface of the nickel electroplating plate, especially when the scratch depth exceeds 1mm, it will not only affect the appearance, but also may reduce its corrosion resistance, and it needs to be replaced in time.

Oxidation and rust: In a humid or corrosive environment, the nickel electroplating plate is prone to oxidation and rust. When the surface is oxidized or rusted too heavily, the protective effect will be greatly reduced, and it should be replaced at this time.

What voltage is needed for nickel electroplating?

The voltage required for PCB nickel electroplating is generally between 1.5 and 6 volts. However, this varies depending on many factors. In actual operation, the selection of the appropriate voltage value depends on the specific electroplating needs and conditions.

First, a basic voltage range needs to be determined based on the composition and properties of the electroplating solution. Then, the optimal voltage value is found through experiments and adjustments to obtain the desired electroplating layer thickness, uniformity and quality.

In addition, other factors such as current density and temperature need to be considered for the effect of electroplating. Generally, increasing the current density or raising the temperature can speed up the electroplating speed, but it may also have an adverse effect on the quality of the electroplating layer. Therefore, when selecting the voltage value, various factors need to be considered comprehensively to achieve the best electroplating effect.

In summary, chemical nickel plating and electroplating each have their own advantages and disadvantages in PCB manufacturing, and the appropriate surface treatment method should be selected based on specific application requirements and cost considerations.

What is a CCA Circuit Card Assembly?

A circuit card assembly, often abbreviated as CCA, is a fundamental component in modern electronic devices. It is essentially a populated printed circuit board (PCB). A PCB is a flat board made of insulating material with conductive pathways etched or printed on it. The CCA takes this a step further by having electronic components such as resistors, capacitors, integrated circuits, and connectors mounted and soldered onto the PCB. These components are carefully placed and connected according to a specific circuit design, which enables the board to perform a particular function or set of functions within an electronic system. For example, in a smartphone, the CCA might be responsible for handling the communication functions, power management, or display control.

CCAs are essential in transforming electronic designs into physical devices. Without them, modern technology would lack the precision and functionality we rely on daily. They are not standalone products but rather building blocks for larger systems. Whether in smartphones, automotive controls, or industrial machinery, CCAs ensure devices operate as intended.

Circuit Card Assembly vs. PCB

When comparing a CCA to a PCB, there are several key distinctions. A PCB is the basic platform, typically a flat panel made of non-conductive material like fiberglass epoxy laminate, onto which conductive paths or traces are etched or printed. It serves as the foundation, providing the physical and electrical interconnectivity layout.

On the other hand, a CCA is a more complete and functional entity. It is a PCB that has been populated with various electronic components. These components, such as resistors, capacitors, integrated circuits, and connectors, are carefully mounted and soldered onto the PCB in accordance with a specific circuit design. For example, a PCB for a simple amplifier circuit might just have the etched traces for the signal path, but the CCA would have the actual transistors, resistors, and capacitors attached to perform the amplification function.

In terms of manufacturing, the PCB manufacturing process focuses on creating the board itself. This involves steps like preparing the substrate, imaging the circuit layout, etching the traces, and drilling holes for component mounting. The CCA manufacturing process builds upon this. It requires additional steps such as component sourcing, accurate component placement using pick-and-place machines, and soldering the components to the PCB. The quality of the PCB is vital for the success of the CCA. If the PCB has flaws in its traces, such as breaks or shorts, it can lead to malfunctioning CCAs.

Circuit Card Assembly Diagram

Circuit Card Assembly Design

Designing a circuit card assembly is a meticulous process. It begins with a clear understanding of the product’s purpose and functionality. Engineers follow these steps:

1. Schematic Creation:

The schematic acts as a blueprint, detailing the electrical connections between components. It defines how the circuit should operate.

2. PCB Layout Design:

The layout focuses on arranging components efficiently while ensuring signal integrity. Tools like CAD software help optimize space and performance.

3. Simulation and Testing:

Before physical production, simulations verify that the design meets all specifications. This minimizes errors in the final product.

4. Bill of Materials (BOM):

A BOM lists every component, including specifications and quantities. It ensures all necessary parts are available for assembly.

5. Prototyping:

A prototype is built to test the design under real-world conditions. Any issues are addressed before mass production.

If the prototype are verified, then you can go to next step – PCB mass production.

What is a Circuit Card Assembly Used For?

Circuit card assemblies are used in virtually every electronic application. Below are some examples of their widespread utility:

Consumer Electronics
Medical Equipment
Aerospace and Defense
Automotive Systems
Industrial Automation
Communication Devices
Health-care

Circuit Card Assembly HS Code

What is Circuit Card Assembly HS Code? The Harmonized System (HS) Code for circuit card assemblies is 8538.90, which covers parts suitable for use solely or principally with the apparatus of heading 8537. This classification includes CCAs as essential components in various electronic systems. Correctly identifying HS codes ensures compliance with international trade regulations. Here are some commonly used HS codes in the electronics and circuit board industry:

8534.00: Printed circuits (excluding assembly). This code applies to bare PCBs, which have copper tracks and pads but no mounted components.
8537.10: Boards, panels, and consoles with electronic components for controlling electrical circuits.
8542.39: Electronic integrated circuits, including microprocessors and memory chips, which are often used in CCAs.
8473.30: Parts and accessories for computers, which may include PCBs and CCAs.
9030.90: Parts for measuring or testing instruments, often used for CCA inspection during manufacturing.

Circuit Card Assembly Manufacturers

If you are looking for a relibale circuit card assembly manufacturer, then Best Technology is your best-choice. Best Technology located in Shenzhen and Vietnam, it is a professional PCB and PCBA manufacturer. Our complete CCA manufacturing services are tailored to our customers’ needs in assemblies. We mainly focus on saving our clients time and money by delivering the highest quality box build assembly solutions:

Complete Testing and Burn-In
Pin Through-hole Assembly
Selective Wave Soldering
Conformal Coating
Software Loading
Complete box build for a variety of applications

How Is CTR Calculated and Measured?

CTR, or Current Transfer Ratio, is calculated using the formula:

CTR (%) = (Output Current / Input Current) × 100

This straightforward calculation provides insight into how efficiently an optocoupler transfers current from its input (LED side) to its output (photodetector side). Let’s understand this with a practical example.

Example: Calculating CTR for an Optocoupler

Imagine you’re using an optocoupler in a circuit where:

Input Current (I_in) = 10 mA (current supplied to the LED inside the optocoupler)

Output Current (I_out) = 7.5 mA (current delivered by the photodetector on the output side)

To calculate the CTR:

Substituting the values:

This result means the optocoupler transfers 75% of the input current to the output. The remaining 25% might be lost due to inefficiencies within the optocoupler, such as LED light output or photodetector sensitivity.

Using CTR to Select Components

In practice, engineers compare the calculated CTR to the component’s datasheet specifications. For instance:

If the datasheet specifies a minimum CTR of 70% for your application, the measured value of 75% indicates the component performs adequately.
If the CTR drops below the required threshold (e.g., 65%), the optocoupler might be unsuitable for the circuit or indicate a degraded component.

Factors That Influence CTR in Optocouplers

The main factors that affect the Current Transfer Ratio (CTR) of an optocoupler include the light source’s luminous intensity, ambient temperature, LED current (IF), collector-emitter voltage (VCE), and aging effects.

Light Source’s Luminous Intensity

The luminous intensity of the light source depends on the forward current (IF) applied to it. The higher the forward current, the brighter the light, and the higher the CTR. However, operating at higher forward currents will reduce the lifetime of the optocoupler more quickly, so there needs to be a balance between CTR and lifetime when designing.

Ambient Temperature

Ambient temperature significantly affects CTR. The luminous efficiency of the LED has a negative temperature coefficient, while the amplification factor of the phototransistor has a positive temperature coefficient. Therefore, in high-temperature environments, the CTR will decrease. For example, at 25°C, the CTR may be 100%, but at 60°C, it could drop to 60%.

LED Current (IF)

The input current (IF) directly impacts the CTR. It is often necessary to carefully adjust IF to ensure the appropriate CTR. A larger IF will increase CTR, but both too high or too low a value of IF can affect the optocoupler’s performance.

Collector-Emitter Voltage (VCE

The collector-emitter voltage (VCE) on the output side also has an impact on CTR. It is necessary to consider the effect of VCE on CTR during the design process to ensure the stability of the optocoupler under different operating conditions.

Aging

Over time, the light output of the LED gradually diminishes, causing the CTR to decrease. The design should account for this reduction in CTR and allow for a margin to ensure stable operation over the long term.

The Role of CTR in PCB Design

Optocouplers play a vital role in circuits requiring electrical isolation. For instance, in industrial systems, sensitive control signals often need to be protected from high-voltage environments. Optocouplers achieve this while ensuring the signal reaches its destination.

Low CTR values can lead to insufficient output current, potentially causing the circuit to fail. On the other hand, choosing optocouplers with excessively high CTR can result in overengineering, increasing costs without significant benefits. Engineers must strike a balance by selecting components with CTR values tailored to the application’s needs.

Why CTR Values Change Over Time?

No electronic component is immune to wear and tear, and optocouplers are no exception. Over time, factors like temperature fluctuations, environmental conditions, and extended usage can alter an optocoupler’s CTR. While these changes are usually gradual, they can affect circuit performance if not accounted for during the design phase.

For instance, an optocoupler used in a high-temperature environment may experience accelerated degradation, causing its CTR to decline. To counter this, engineers often design circuits with a margin for error, ensuring the system remains operational even if the CTR drops slightly.

How to Select the Right CTR for Your PCB?

Selecting the right CTR requires understanding your circuit’s requirements. Here are a few tips to guide the selection process:

Know Your Current Needs: Determine the input and output current requirements for your circuit.
Consider Environmental Conditions: If your device operates in extreme temperatures, choose optocouplers rated for those conditions.
Plan for Aging: Account for potential decreases in CTR over time by adding a safety margin.
Working with reliable suppliers who provide detailed component specifications makes it easier to find optocouplers that meet your needs.

CTR, or Current Transfer Ratio, is more than just an abbreviation on a PCB. It represents the efficiency of signal transfer in optocouplers, ensuring that circuits operate reliably while maintaining electrical isolation. Understanding CTR is essential for designing efficient and durable electronic systems.

When designing or manufacturing PCBs, choosing the right components with suitable CTR values can make a significant difference. Reliable suppliers who understand the nuances of electronic design can help you achieve optimal results. Partner with us for high-quality PCBs that meet your specific needs, backed by expertise and precision.

Why Is the Right Nipper Important for Keyboard PCBs?

A keyboard PCB is a delicate and vital component that connects switches, diodes, and other elements. Unlike regular DIY tasks, working on a PCB requires precision and care. Using an improper tool can:

Damage the PCB traces.
Leave sharp edges that cause short circuits.
Stress or crack the board, making it unusable.

This is why professionals and enthusiasts alike rely on specialized nippers. These tools are designed to cut cleanly and precisely, reducing the risk of damage and ensuring your keyboard functions perfectly.

Best Types of Nippers for Cutting PCB

1. Flush Cut Nippers: Precision at Its Best

What Nipper to Cut Keyboard PCB? Flush cut nippers are the go-to tool for most keyboard enthusiasts. They’re designed to cut leads and wires flush with the surface, leaving no protruding edges.

Key Features:

Flat cutting surface: Allows you to cut components as close as possible to the PCB.

Compact design: Easy to use in tight spaces around small components.

Best For:

Trimming component leads after soldering.

Cutting wires that connect switches to the PCB.

Removing small plastic supports or tabs.

Popular Models:

Hakko CHP-170 Micro Cutter: Known for its precision and affordability.

Xuron 170-II Micro-Shear Cutter: Offers excellent durability and a smooth cutting experience.

If your goal is a clean, professional-looking PCB with no rough edges or excess material, flush cut nippers are the best option. They’re especially useful for those who value aesthetics and functionality in their keyboard builds.

2. End Cut Nippers: Ideal for Thick Components

End cut nippers have a different design compared to flush cutters. The cutting edge is perpendicular to the handle, allowing you to cut thicker components or tabs with ease.

Key Features:

Perpendicular cutting edge: Offers better leverage and control.

Heavy-duty construction: Can handle thicker wires and components.

Best For:

Cutting PCB mounting tabs.

Trimming thicker component leads or wires.

Removing solder joints in hard-to-reach areas.

Popular Models:

Klein Tools 7280: A reliable tool for heavy-duty cutting.

IGAN-330 End Cutting Plier: Offers precision and strength for demanding tasks.

These nippers are perfect for situations where flush cutters might struggle, such as cutting through reinforced sections or thick leads. They provide more power and control, making tough cuts easier and safer.

3. Diagonal Cut Nippers: Versatility and Convenience

Diagonal cut nippers are a versatile tool that can handle a wide range of tasks. Their angled design allows you to access tight spaces while providing a clean cut.

Key Features:

Angled cutting edge: Makes it easier to reach confined areas.

Sharp blades: Ensure a clean and precise cut.

Best For:

Cutting component leads in crowded PCBs.

Trimming wires and cables.

Modifying plastic enclosures or cases.

Popular Models:

KNIPEX Diagonal Cutters: Known for their precision and durability.

Wiha Precision Diagonal Cutters: A favorite among professionals for intricate work.

If you need a versatile tool that can handle various tasks beyond just PCB work, diagonal cut nippers are a great choice. They offer a balance of precision and convenience, making them a valuable addition to any toolkit.

How to Cut a Keyboard PCB Safely?

Cutting a keyboard PCB requires more than just the right tool. Proper technique and safety precautions are equally important. Here are some tips to ensure a smooth and successful cutting process:

1. Select the Right Nipper

Choose a nipper based on the specific task. Flush cutters are ideal for precision work, while end cutters handle thicker components. Diagonal cutters are great for general-purpose use.

2. Inspect the PCB

Before making any cuts, inspect the PCB for reinforcement layers or sensitive components. Some boards have metal or thicker copper layers that require more durable tools.

3. Apply Even Pressure

When cutting, apply even pressure to avoid stressing or cracking the board. Twisting or excessive force can cause damage.

4. Cut at the Right Angle

Position the nipper at the correct angle to ensure a clean cut. For flush cutters, align the flat surface with the PCB for the best results.

5. Clean Up After Cutting

Once the cuts are made, inspect the PCB for any leftover debris or sharp edges. Use a small brush or compressed air to clean the area and ensure there are no loose particles.

Common Mistakes to Avoid

While cutting a keyboard PCB may seem straightforward, there are some common mistakes to watch out for:

1. Using the Wrong Tool

Using regular wire cutters instead of specialized nippers can lead to rough cuts and potential damage.

2. Cutting Too Close

Cutting too close to the PCB can damage traces or solder joints, leading to functionality issues. Always leave a small buffer if unsure.

3. Applying Too Much Force

Excessive force can crack the PCB or damage nearby components. Use gentle, even pressure for clean cuts.

4. Ignoring Safety Gear

Always wear safety glasses to protect your eyes from flying debris, especially when cutting thicker components.

Frequently Asked Questions

1. Can I Use Wire Cutters for PCB Work?

Wire cutters can be used in some cases, but they lack the precision of flush or diagonal cutters. For best results, use tools specifically designed for PCB work.

2. How Do I Know If My Nippers Are Dull?

Dull nippers may leave rough or uneven cuts. If you notice decreased precision or increased effort, it’s time to replace them.

3. What Is the Best Nipper for Beginners?

Flush cut nippers like the Hakko CHP-170 are affordable, easy to use, and provide excellent results, making them ideal for beginners.

4. Can Nippers Be Used for Desoldering?

Nippers can trim excess solder after desoldering but should not replace proper desoldering tools.

5. How Often Should I Replace My Nippers?

Replace nippers when they lose precision or show signs of wear, such as dull blades or misalignment.

Cutting a keyboard PCB may seem like a small task, but it can make a big difference in the final result of your keyboard build. The right nipper ensures clean cuts, preserves the integrity of the board, and enhances the overall functionality of your keyboard.

At Best Technology, we have over 18 years in the PCB cutting and PCB manufacturing. Choose us for your PCB cutting needs and experience the difference in quality and performance.

What Is the Standard PCB File?

The Gerber file is recognized as the industry standard for PCB manufacturing. It serves as the blueprint that fabricators follow to build a PCB. Originally developed by Ucamco, the Gerber format has undergone multiple updates to enhance its functionality. Nowadays, the Gerber file is supported by virtually all PCB manufacturers and CAM (Computer-Aided Manufacturing) tools.

The standard gerber file format can be divided into RS-274 and RS-274X, Gerber X2 (gerber X2 is the latest version). The gerber file in RS-274 format is a separate file from aperture. aperture in RS-274X format is integrated into the gerber file. Generally speaking, a complete PCB Gerber file should include:

Copper layers (top and bottom)
Solder mask layers
Silkscreen layers
Drill files for holes

And below are some common terms used in a PCB file.

.APR Aperture Data
.GKO Keep Out Layer
.GTO Top Overlay
.GBO Bottom Overlay
.GPT Top Pad Master
.GPB Bottom Pad Master
.GTS Top Solder Mask
.GBS Bottom Solder Mask
.GTL Top Layer
.GBL Bottom Layer
.GTP Top Solder Paste
.GBP Bottom Solder Paste
.G1 MidLayer1
.G2 MidLayer2
.G3 MidLayer3
.G4 MidLayer4
.GP1 Internal Plane1
.GP2 Internal Plane2
.GM1 Mechanical1
.GM2 Mechanical2
.GM3 Mechanical3
.GM4 Mechanical4
.GD1 Drill Drawing or NC
.DRL Drill Data
.TXT Drill Position
.DRR Drill Tool size
.LDP Drill Report

What Files Are Needed to Make a PCB?

To manufacture a PCB, several files are required, each serving a unique purpose. The essential files include:

Schematic file

This is the start for PCB design. It shows the connection relation and component symbol of electronic circuit. For example, in a simple schematic diagram of the power supply circuit, it will clearly show the connection between the transformer, the rectifier diode, the filter capacitor and the voltage regulator chip. Through the schematic file, designers can clarify the function and signal flow of the entire circuit, providing the basis for subsequent PCB layout.

PCB design file

This kind of file is generated on the basis of the schematic. It describes in detail the physical size of the PCB, the layer structure (such as 2-layer PCB, 4-layer PCB board, etc.), the component layout, the direction of the line and the holes. Take a four-layer PCB design file as an example, which will clearly indicate the distribution of signal layers, power layers, and ground plane layers. For component placement, it will be accurate to the coordinate position of each chip, resistor, capacitor and other components on the PCB board surface and their placement direction.

Gerber file

These define the copper traces, pads, and component outlines for each layer.

Drilling file

The drill file is used to indicate the drill location and dimensions on the PCB. In multilayer PCBS, the location and size of the holes are very critical. The drilling file tells the PCB manufacturing device exactly where the center coordinates of each hole are and the size of the aperture.

Component coordinate file (.csv or.txt etc.)

The component coordinate File is also known as the “Pick and Place File”, which facilitates PCB assembly plants to perform component placement and plug-in operations.

This file contains the coordinate position of each component on the PCB board (X, Y coordinates), rotation Angle, component package type and other information. In an automated SMT production line, the mounter can accurately pick up the component from the strip and place it in the correct position on the PCB board based on the information in the component coordinate file.

Bill of Materials (BOM)

A listing of all components’ details required for assembly, including part numbers, manufacturers, quantities and some marks.

What Is the Difference Between Gerber File and Board File?

A Gerber file is a manufacturing file. It describes the physical layout of the PCB layers, ready for fabrication. In contrast, a board file is a design file used within the PCB design software, such as Altium Designer, Eagle, or KiCad. Their key Differences are:

Gerber File: Used for manufacturing; contains 2D layout data.
Board File: Used for design; editable and contains schematic and layout information.

Manufacturers don’t use board files directly. They need Gerber files to fabricate the PCB.

What Is the Extension for a PCB File?

PCB files come with different extensions based on the software used to design them. Some common extensions include:

.BRD: Used by Eagle and other design tools.
.PCB: Common for Altium Designer and some older software.
.GBR: The standard extension for Gerber files.
.PcbDoc: Native to Altium Designer for saving PCB projects.

Each extension represents a different type of file, but they all contribute to the PCB design process.

How to Open a .PCB File?

How to open a .PCB file? Opening a .PCB file depends on the design software it was created with. Firstly, you should determine the software used to create the file. Common tools include Altium Designer, Eagle, and KiCad. Let’s take Altium as an example:

1. Install the Software: If you don’t have this software on your windows, please download and install the corresponding software firstly.

2. Open the File: Use the “Open” option within the software to load the .PCB file.

3. Choose the .PCB file what you want to open, and click “open”

4. Then you can check the PCB file by Altium Designer.

If you don’t have access to the original software, you can use a viewer like Gerbv or an online PCB viewer to inspect the file. However, these viewers may only provide a limited preview of the file and cannot edit it.

How Do I Convert a .PCB File to PDF?

Converting a .PCB file to a PDF is useful for sharing designs with clients or team members who don’t have design software. Here’s a simple way to do it with Altium Designer:

1. Open the .PCB File

Open a .PCB file; Click “File” → “Smart PDF(M)” in the toolbar successively, and the “Smart PDF Wizard” page pops up, as shown in FIG. 1 and FIG. 2 below;

(FIG.1)

(FIG.2)

2. Export as PDF

In the smart PDF screen, click “Next” to enter the configuration selection screen for output PDF – including the following:

1). “Export Target File” + storage path and name of the output PDF file;

2). Whether to export the BOM table: If this parameter is selected, select the BOM table template. If it is not selected, click Next to go to the next step.

3). Set PDF printing parameters, according to the Settings of this page to determine the output of the entire PCB file or output a specific layer of files separately;

4). Set the “color” of PDF, there are “Color”, “monochrome”, “gray” options can be selected;

“Color” option means the PDF file is output in accordance with the original color of each layer;
“Monochrome” means the actual output of the file is all black;
“Gray” means the actual output of the file is all gray display;

Below I choose the “Monochrome” option:

3. Enter “Print” and save the PDF: Choose a location and save the file.

Above are the end of this sharing, whether you’re dealing with Gerber files, board files, or converting formats, I hope this post is useful for you. If you have any other questions, welcome to e-mail with us at sales@bestpcbs.com, we are happy to help you.

What Is a PCB Input Jack?

A PCB input jack is a connector that establishes a physical link between an external device and a PCB. These connectors serve as entry points for power, data, or audio signals, depending on the application. There are various types of input jacks, such as mono jacks, stereo jacks, and different connector formats like 3.5mm, 6.35mm (1/4 – inch), and more. A mono jack has two connections (tip and sleeve), while a stereo jack typically has three (tip, ring, and sleeve). The tip is usually for the positive signal, the sleeve is for the ground, and in a stereo jack, the ring is for an additional channel (like the right channel in audio applications).

How to Wire PCB Input Jack- Step by Step Guide

Before wiring, you need to understand the pin configuration of the specific input jack you’re using. This information is usually available in the datasheet provided by the manufacturer. For example, in a 3.5mm stereo jack, the tip might be connected to pin 1, the ring to pin 2, and the sleeve to pin 3.

What is the purpose of the input jack?

The purpose of an input jack is to serve as a connection interface between external devices and a PCB. It allows signals, power, or data to enter the circuit, enabling the PCB to communicate or interact with other devices. Input jacks are commonly used in various electronic applications, including:

1. Audio Transmission

In devices like headphones, speakers, or microphones, audio input jacks receive sound signals from external sources and transmit them to the circuit for processing or amplification.

2. Power Supply

Power jacks provide a pathway for external power sources to supply energy to a device. This is common in laptops, routers, and other electronics that require an external adapter.

3. Data Transfer

Input jacks such as USB or Ethernet ports allow data to flow between the PCB and external devices.

4. Signal Interface

In control systems and instrumentation, input jacks receive analog or digital signals from sensors or other control devices.

What should you do before Wiring?

Before the wring process, there are some preparation works to ensure a good soldering.

Gather Tools and Materials

You’ll need soldering equipment, including a soldering iron, solder wire, and flux (if necessary). Also, make sure you have wire strippers and cutters. The wire you choose should be appropriate for the current and signal requirements of your circuit. For low – power audio applications, a stranded wire with a gauge like 22 – 24 AWG (American Wire Gauge) is usually sufficient.

PCB Layout

Examine the PCB layout around the input jack area. There should be pads or through – holes designated for the jack connections. These are usually labeled according to the function (e.g., “Tip”, “Ring”, “Sleeve”, “GND”) or with pin numbers that match the jack’s pinout.

Inspect PCB

Check the PCB for any damage, such as cracks or broken traces or dust on the Pads. Ensure the pads where the jack will be soldered are clean and free from oxidation.

Wiring PCB input jack- step by step

1. Stripping the Wire: Use wire strippers to carefully remove a short section (about 3 – 5mm) of insulation from the end of the wire that will connect to the input jack. Make sure not to nick or damage the wire inside the insulation.

2. Inserting the Wire: Insert the stripped end of the wire into the appropriate hole or onto the pad on the PCB corresponding to the jack’s connection point. For through – holes, the wire should pass through the hole so that a small portion is visible on the other side of the PCB.

3. Soldering

Heat the soldering iron to the appropriate temperature (usually around 300 – 350°C for standard solder).
Apply a small amount of solder to the tip of the soldering iron to tin it. This helps the solder flow more smoothly.
Place the tip of the soldering iron against the wire and the pad or through – hole at the same time. Then, feed a small amount of solder onto the joint. The solder should flow around the wire and form a smooth, shiny joint. Avoid using too much solder, as it can lead to shorts between adjacent connections.
After soldering, allow the joint to cool for a few seconds. You can use a pair of tweezers to hold the wire in place during cooling to ensure it doesn’t move and create a bad joint.

4. Post – Wiring Checks

Visual Inspection: Examine each joint carefully to make sure there are no cold joints (where the solder didn’t properly adhere), shorts (unintended connections between different wires or pads), or other visible defects. A good solder joint should be smooth, shiny, and cover the wire and pad or through – hole completely.
Continuity Testing: Use a multimeter to test the continuity between the input jack’s pins and the corresponding points on the PCB. Set the multimeter to the continuity or resistance measurement mode. For example, when testing the connection between the tip of the input jack and the PCB pad labeled “Tip”, the multimeter should beep (indicating a low – resistance connection) if the wiring is correct.
Function Testing: If possible, connect the input jack to the appropriate input source (such as an audio signal generator for an audio input jack) and test whether the signal is correctly received and processed by the circuit on the PCB. This might involve using an oscilloscope or other testing equipment to monitor the signal at different points in the circuit.

How Do You Identify the Input Jack Pins?

Understanding the pin configuration of the input jack is crucial for proper wiring. While some jacks have labeled pins, others may require a closer inspection or reference to a datasheet. Let’s explore how to identify the pins for common types of jacks:

1. Audio Jacks (TRS and TRRS)

Audio jacks are classified based on their Tip, Ring, and Sleeve (TRS) structure.

Tip (T): Carries the left audio channel.

Ring (R): Carries the right audio channel.

Sleeve (S): Acts as the common ground.

For a TRRS (Tip, Ring, Ring, Sleeve) jack, the second ring often carries a microphone or additional signal.

2. Power Jacks

Power jacks typically have three pins:

Positive (VCC): Supplies power to the device.

Negative: Returns current to complete the circuit.

Ground (GND): Connects to the common ground of the PCB.

3. USB Jacks

USB jacks have multiple pins, each with a specific function:

VCC: Provides power to the connected device.

GND: Connects to the ground.

Data+ (D+): Transfers positive data signals.

Data- (D-): Transfers negative data signals.

Refer to the datasheet of your specific jack for accurate pin identification.

What Tools and Materials Do You Need?

Wiring a PCB input jack requires a few essential tools and materials. Having the right equipment ensures a clean, reliable connection:

Soldering Iron: Used to melt solder and join components.
Solder: The metal alloy that creates the electrical connection.
Wire Stripper: Removes the insulation from wires.
Tweezers: Helps position small components.
Multimeter: Tests electrical connections for continuity and voltage.
Flux: Enhances the flow of solder and improves the bond.
PCB Holder: Secures the PCB in place during soldering.

How Can You Avoid Common Wiring Mistakes?

Wiring mistakes can lead to malfunctioning devices or damaged components. Here’s how to avoid common pitfalls:

Double-Check Pin Connections: Before soldering, ensure each wire is connected to the correct pin.
Use Quality Solder: Cheap solder can lead to weak connections. Use a high-quality solder for better results.
Avoid Cold Joints: Ensure the solder flows properly and bonds well with the pad and pin.
Inspect for Shorts: Check for any solder bridges between pins, which can cause short circuits.

How Do You Test the Wired PCB Input Jack?

Testing is a critical step after wiring the input jack. It ensures all connections are secure and functional. Here’s how to test your work:

1. Visual Inspection

Look for any obvious issues, such as loose wires, cold solder joints, or solder bridges.

2. Continuity Test

Use a multimeter to test the continuity between the jack and PCB pads. This verifies that the connections are intact.

3. Functionality Test

Connect the external device to the input jack and verify that it works as expected. Test for audio quality, power delivery, or data transfer, depending on the jack type.

Wiring a PCB input jack requires attention to detail and proper technique. Whether you’re wiring an audio jack, power jack, or USB port, preparation and testing are key to success. If you need high-quality PCBs with precise input jack placements, our company offers customized solutions to meet your needs. Contact us today to learn how we can support your next project with reliable PCB solutions.

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