Archive for the ‘FR4 PCB’ Category

What is Laser Direct Imaging in PCB Manufacturing?

Wednesday, October 30th, 2024

‌What is Laser Direct Imaging?

Laser Direct Imaging (LDI) is a technology that uses a laser beam emitted by an ultraviolet laser to image directly on a PCB (printed circuit board). Compared to traditional exposure techniques, LDI has higher image quality, precision traces and real-time adjustment.

The LDI technology achieves pattern transfer by projecting the line image directly onto the PCB coated with photoresist through the laser beam emitted by the laser diode. This method eliminates the use of negatives in the traditional exposure process, reduces the time and cost of loading and unloading negatives, and avoids deviations caused by negative growing. The image resolution of LDI technology is high, and the fine wire can reach about 20um, which is suitable for the production of fine wire and improves the yield of PCB production.

What is Laser Direct Imaging in PCB Manufacturing?

Working Principle of LDI Technology

The principle of laser imaging is to acquire and present images based on the characteristics of laser beam. As we know, a laser is a highly focused, high-brightness, monochromatic beam that can therefore produce high-quality images. The laser imaging system mainly consists of laser, lens, scanning device and receiver. The laser is used to generate the laser beam, the lens is used to focus the beam, the scanning device is used to change the path of the beam on the object, and the receiver is used to receive the light signal and convert it into an image.

In the imaging process, the laser beam is focused from the laser through the lens, and then the path of the beam on the object is controlled by the scanning device. When the laser beam hits the surface of an object, it interacts with the surface. This interaction causes light to scatter and reflect, with scattered light diffusing in different directions and reflected light remaining in its original direction of propagation. The receiver receives the light scattered and reflected by the object and converts it into an electrical signal. The receiver converts the signal into a digital image signal, which is then processed and displayed on the screen to form an image. In the processing process, the received signal can be filtered, amplified and other operations to improve the quality and clarity of the image.

As PCB manufacturing processes continue to advance, LDI technology is also evolving. At present, the mainstream light source in the industry is the 405nm laser diode produced by Nichiya, Panasonic, and it is expected that the optical power requirements for exposure will be further improved in the future, and the optical power of a single device may develop to 100W. Nowadays, LDI technology is not only used in PCB manufacturing process, but also in high-end applications like medical imaging, industrial detection, remote sensing.

Advantages of Laser Direct Imaging Over Photo Exposure

The advantages of laser direct imaging (LDI) compared with traditional exposure machines mainly include the following aspects:

1. Eliminating the negative process in the exposure process

The LDI technology eliminates the step of making the negative in the traditional exposure process, thereby saving the time and cost of loading and unloading the negative, and reducing the deviation caused by the negative growth and contraction.

2. High resolution

The image resolution of LDI technology is very high, which is suitable for some very fine line production, especially for multi-layer PCB, which greatly improves the yield of PCB production.

3. High quality and precision

LDI is contactless operation, reducing the chance of miscontact, the closed operating environment reduces the influence of temperature and humidity, the image quality is high and fine, eliminating many defects in the traditional process.

4. Reduce errors and improve alignment

LDI technology improves alignment by eliminating alignment problems that often exist in photographic plates, especially the anisotropic movement of photographic plates caused by changes in temperature and humidity. High-precision alignment is achieved by using a charge-coupled device (CCD) camera system and a reference target to line up printed images and panels.

5. Shorten the production process and reduce costs

Because there is no need to have a negative production process, LDI technology shortens the production process, reduces the call of personnel, and reduces the production cost. In addition, the LDI system can lay more devices in the same environment, enabling two-way scanning and further savings.

6. Adapt to a variety of production needs

LDI technology has a flexible manufacturing route, which can meet various production needs without affecting the output. Once the data is delivered to the engineering department, production can begin, reducing product delivery time.

The image quality of LDI technology is clearer than that of traditional exposure technology, and it has obvious advantages in mid-to-high-end PCB manufacturing. With the transfer of global PCB production capacity to China and the high-end development of the electronics industry, the demand for LDI equipment continues to grow, and it is expected that the future will gradually replace traditional exposure equipment in the field of low-end PCB.

What is the Process of Direct Imaging?

Direct imaging with LDI involves several steps that ensure precise layer creation:

Design Preparation: The digital circuit design is prepped for imaging, with adjustments made to accommodate laser processing specifics.

Photoresist Coating: The PCB is coated with a light-sensitive photoresist material, which reacts chemically when exposed to the laser.

Laser Imaging: The laser projects the circuit pattern directly onto the photoresist. Adjustments can be made mid-process, allowing for precise alignment.

Developing: After exposure, the board is treated with a developer to reveal the circuit paths. Unexposed areas are removed, leaving only the intended design.

Etching or Plating: Depending on the PCB type, the board undergoes etching or plating to define the copper traces, completing the imaging process.

Difference Between Positive and Negative Images in PCB

In PCB photo exposure, the terms “positive” and “negative” refer to how the photoresist reacts to the laser exposure:

Positive Image: Here, the laser exposes areas intended to be removed. During development, the exposed regions dissolve, leaving behind the unexposed areas as the design.

Negative Image: In a negative image process, the laser exposes the regions meant to remain on the board. These exposed parts resist the developer, protecting the underlying material, while unexposed regions dissolve away.

The choice between positive and negative imaging depends on the photoresist type and the specific design requirements. Both methods offer high accuracy, but each has unique benefits based on the intended application.

Why LDI Process Less Cost-effective than Phototool?

While LDI offers many advantages, it often requires a higher initial investment than phototools:

1. Equipment Costs: LDI machines are sophisticated and costly, requiring a significant investment in laser technology and imaging systems.

2. Maintenance: High-precision lasers and optics demand regular maintenance and calibration to ensure consistent performance, which adds to operational costs.

3. Speed on Larger Runs: For high-volume production, phototools may still be more cost-effective. Phototools offer rapid replication without the need for repeated laser exposure, lowering costs for large-scale production.

These cost factors make LDI more suitable for specialized, lower-volume, or high-precision applications rather than large-batch productions.

How is Layer Registration in LDI?

Layer registration is crucial in PCB manufacturing, especially for multilayer boards where each layer must align precisely. LDI excels in this aspect:

1. Automated Alignment: LDI systems come with advanced alignment software that adjusts each laser exposure to match the existing layer positions.

2. Reduced Human Error: Since the process is largely automated, human handling is minimal, reducing the risk of alignment issues.

3. Dynamic Adjustment: With real-time feedback systems, LDI machines adjust alignment during the process, maintaining tight registration tolerances.

If you’re seeking high-quality PCB manufacturing, consider choosing a provider skilled in LDI processes like Best Technology. Our company combines expertise with cutting-edge technology to ensure your boards are produced to exact specifications, delivering the durability and performance you need in today’s advanced electronics.

What are flexible PCBs made of?

Flexible PCBs are mainly made of polyimide or polyester film. These materials have good flexibility and insulation properties, which enable flexible PCBs to maintain stable working conditions in various bending and twisting environments.

The manufacturing process of flexible PCBs includes the following main steps:

Design phase: Use design software to create a prototype of the circuit board, determine the required lines, circuits and components, and design the shape and size of the flexible PCB according to the shape and size of the product.

Board making phase: Print the required lines and patterns on the plastic substrate, usually using photolithography techniques such as coating photolithography and inkjet printing.

Surface treatment and coating: Clean the circuit board and apply a protective coating to prevent chemical and mechanical wear, moisture, corrosion, etc.

Electroplating copper: Apply electroplating copper to certain parts of the flexible PCB to thicken the line.

Pattern chemical etching: Etch away the unnecessary parts of the circuit board and retain the required lines and components.

Molding and perforation: Cut the flexible PCB into the desired shape.

What is the difference between FR4 and flex PCB?

Material composition and performance

FR4: FR4 is the most common PCB substrate, mainly composed of glass fiber and epoxy resin. It has good electrical, thermal and mechanical properties.

Flexible PCB: Flexible PCB (FPC) is mainly made of materials such as polyimide (PI) and is flexible and bendable. They are often used in application scenarios that require frequent bending or limited space.

Application scenarios

FR4: Due to its rigidity and stability, FR4 is often used in applications that require high mechanical strength and stability, such as computer motherboards, mobile phone motherboards, etc.

Flexible PCB: Flexible PCB is often used in applications in car curves and corners, display screens and reverse cam screens, etc. due to its flexibility and bendability.

Manufacturing process and cost

FR4: The manufacturing process includes drilling, etching, copper plating, etc., with moderate cost, suitable for most consumer electronic products.

Flexible PCB: The manufacturing process is relatively complex and the cost is high, but it can meet the needs of specific applications.

In summary, FR4 and flexible PCBs have significant differences in material composition, performance and application scenarios. Choosing the right material depends on the specific application requirements.

What is the difference between a rigid PCB and a flexible PCB?

The main differences between rigid PCBs and flexible PCBs include softness, load-bearing capacity, durability, heat resistance and other aspects.

Softness: Flexible PCBs (FPCs) have good flexibility and can be easily twisted, bent and even folded, and are suitable for application scenarios that require flexible wiring. Rigid PCBs, on the other hand, are harder and cannot be bent, and are usually used in devices that require stability and high load capacity.

Load-bearing capacity: Flexible PCBs have relatively weak current carrying capacity and are suitable for applications with smaller currents. Rigid PCBs have stronger current carrying capacity and are suitable for high-load electronic devices.

Durability and heat resistance: Flexible PCBs can better absorb vibration and shock, have high durability and heat resistance, and can be used in extreme environments. Although rigid PCBs are thicker, they are easily damaged under the influence of high temperatures and chemicals.

Manufacturing process and materials: Flexible PCBs use flexible materials such as polyimide, and a cover layer process is used during the manufacturing process to protect the circuit. Rigid PCBs use thicker materials, usually made of glass-like materials, and require reinforcement.

Application scenarios: Flexible PCBs are widely used in modern smart devices such as smartphones, tablets, and wearable devices due to their flexibility and thinness. Rigid PCBs are often used in devices that require stability and high load capacity, such as laptops and desktop computers.

In summary, there are significant differences between rigid PCBs and flexible PCBs in terms of softness, load-bearing capacity, durability, heat resistance, and application scenarios. The selection of the appropriate type of circuit board should be determined according to specific application requirements.

What is the advantage of flex PCB?

Flexible PCB (Flexible Printed Circuit, FPC for short) has the following main advantages:

Flexibility: The main advantage of flexible PCBs is their elasticity and bending ability. They can be easily twisted, bent, and even folded, suitable for design requirements of various complex shapes.

Reduce weight and space: Flexible PCBs not only provide greater design freedom, but also have better space utilization and weight efficiency. Due to their thin and light characteristics, flexible PCBs can greatly reduce weight and space, especially for small devices.

Suitable for harsh environments: Flexible PCBs can be made of various corrosion-resistant materials and can withstand harsh environmental conditions.

Better thermal management: Flexible PCBs are made of polyimide, which has excellent thermal stability and can withstand extremely high heat.

Reduce costs: Flexible PCBs reduce assembly costs by reducing space requirements and the number of components. Since the need for wiring and connectors is reduced, testing and rework time is also reduced, improving productivity and efficiency.

In summary, flexible PCBs have significant advantages in flexibility, weight, space utilization, environmental adaptability and cost-effectiveness, making them an ideal choice for many high-tech products and applications requiring high reliability.

What are the disadvantages of flexible PCB?

The main disadvantages of flexible PCBs (FPCs) include:

High one-time initial cost: Since flexible PCBs are designed and manufactured for special applications, the cost of circuit design, wiring and photographic plates is high.

Difficult to change and repair: Once a flexible PCB is made, changes must start from the base map or the compiled photolithography program, so it is not easy to change. Its surface is covered with a protective film, which needs to be removed before repair and restored after repair, which is a relatively difficult task.

Size is limited: Flexible PCB is usually manufactured by intermittent process when it is not yet popular. Therefore, it is limited by the size of production equipment and cannot be made very long or wide.

Improper operation can easily cause damage: Improper operation by the assembly personnel can easily cause damage to the flexible circuit. Its soldering and rework require trained personnel to operate.

How thick is a flex PCB board?

The common thickness of flexible PCB board is 0.2mm. The thickening layer will be added behind the parts to be soldered. The thickness of the thickening layer is generally 0.2mm or 0.4mm12.

In addition, the thickness of flexible PCB board usually ranges from 0.1mm to 0.4mm, of which the thickness of 0.1mm to 0.4mm is called ultra-thin PCB board.

Where are flexible PCBs used?

Flexible PCB (Flexible Printed Circuit Board, FPC) is widely used in many fields, mainly including the following aspects:

Consumer electronics: Flexible PCB is widely used in consumer electronics such as smartphones, tablets, smart watches, etc.

Medical equipment: In medical equipment, flexible PCB can bend and adapt to specific shapes, and is often used in electrocardiographs, blood pressure monitors, monitoring equipment and medical sensors, etc.

Automotive electronics: Flexible PCB plays an important role in automotive electronic systems, connecting in-vehicle entertainment systems, navigation systems, dashboards, body control modules and safety systems, etc.

Aerospace: Flexible PCB is also widely used in the aerospace field, such as satellite communications, spacecraft control, etc.

Industrial control and automation: In the field of industrial control and automation, flexible PCB is used to connect sensors, actuators, control modules and data acquisition equipment, etc.

LED lighting: Flexible PCB is also used in LED lighting products to provide connection and signal transmission functions.

In summary, the material combination of flexible PCBs gives them unique properties and a wide range of application prospects. The flexible substrate provides bendability and durability, the conductive layer ensures efficient transmission of electronic signals, and the cover layer provides protection for the entire structure. The continuous innovation and optimization of these materials will continue to promote the development of flexible PCBs.

What is an inverter circuit board?

An inverter circuit board is designed to manage the conversion process by controlling the flow of current, regulating voltage, and ensuring efficient energy transfer. It can control and regulate the conversion of direct current (DC) into alternating current (AC). In the application of renewable energy systems such as solar power generation and wind power generation, inverters play a crucial role. It efficiently converts the DC energy collected by solar panels or wind turbines into AC power supplies suitable for home and business use.

An inverter PCB typically includes components such as power semiconductors (IGBTs or MOSFETs), microcontrollers, and various passive elements that enable the inverter to function correctly.

What is inverter PCB? Where is inverter p.c. board?

Types of Inverter PCB

Inverter PCBs come from several types, mainly are single-sided PCB, double-sided PCB and multilayer PCB.

Single-Sided PCB

A single-sided PCB is the most basic type, with all the components and circuits mounted on one side. It is commonly used in low-cost inverters with relatively simple circuits. Due to the limited space and circuit paths, its performance and power handling capabilities are moderate. Therefore, it is suitable for small-scale inverter systems or low-power home appliances.

Double-Sided PCB

Double-sided PCBs feature components and copper circuitry on both sides of the board. Furthermore, plated through holes can be drilled on such board to improve the electricity. These PCBs are suitable for mid-range inverter designs that require a higher number of components and connections, as they provide better performance and power efficiency. In higher power applications like motor control systems and renewable energy inverters, double sided PCB are commonly used.

Multilayer PCB

Inverters designed for industrial applications or high-performance devices often require multilayer PCBs. These boards consist of three or more layers of circuitry sandwiched between layers of insulation. Multilayer PCBs can reduce electromagnetic interference (EMI) and improve signal integrity, they are excellent in complex inverter systems used in electric vehicles (EVs), large solar arrays, and industrial motor drives.

What Benefits Does an Inverter PCB Offer?

First of all, ‌ high reliability ‌ is an important advantage of inverter PCB. Through precise circuit design and high-quality assembly processes, inverter PCBs can significantly improve the stability and reliability of equipment. In addition, the modular design makes troubleshooting and maintenance more convenient.

Secondly, ‌environmental protection ‌ is also an important feature of the inverter PCB. Conventional inverter PCBs may use halogen-containing chemical materials in the manufacturing process, which can pose potential threats to the environment and human health. The halogen-free inverter PCB adopts halogen-free substrate and lead-free welding technology, does not produce harmful environmental pollutants, and has less impact on the environment and human health.

In addition, ‌ easy to upgrade and maintain ‌is another important advantage of inverter PCBs. When the inverter needs to be upgraded or repaired, it can be achieved by replacing or repairing specific PCB modules, without large-scale changes to the entire system, which greatly reduces the complexity and cost of upgrading and maintenance.

Finally, ‌ highly integrated ‌ is also a significant advantage of inverter PCBs. Through a highly integrated design, the size and weight of the inverter are reduced for easy installation and maintenance.

What is an Inverter Circuit Diagram?

An inverter circuit diagram is a schematic representation that illustrates how the components on the PCB are interconnected to convert DC power into AC power. It provides a detailed view of the flow of current and the role each component plays within the inverter system.

The diagram typically includes:

Power Input: Showing where the DC power is supplied, often from batteries, solar panels, or other DC sources.
Switching Devices: Components like Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistors (IGBTs) or Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistors (MOSFETs), which are used to alternate the direction of current, producing AC power.
Control Circuit: A microcontroller or other control logic that regulates the switching timing and frequency to generate a stable AC output.
Filters: Inductors and capacitors used to smooth out the AC waveform and minimize harmonic distortion.
Protection Circuits: Components that safeguard against overcurrent, overvoltage, and short circuits, ensuring safe operation of the inverter.

Applications of Inverter PCBs

Inverter PCBs are found in various applications, including renewable energy systems like solar inverters, uninterruptible power supplies (UPS), electric vehicle systems, motor drive systems, and home appliances like air conditioners, refrigerators, and washing machines. Below are the typical applications of inverter PCBs:

Solar Inverters

In solar power systems, inverter PCBs are critical for converting the DC electricity generated by solar panels into usable AC electricity for homes and businesses. Solar inverters also use MPPT (Maximum Power Point Tracking) algorithms to optimize energy harvesting.

Uninterruptible Power Supplies (UPS)

In UPS systems, inverter PCBs ensure the reliable conversion of DC battery power into AC electricity during power outages. These systems are vital in data centers, hospitals, and other environments where uninterrupted power is essential.

Electric Vehicles (EVs)

EVs rely on inverter PCBs to convert the DC power stored in the battery into AC power to drive the motor. The performance and efficiency of the inverter PCB directly affect the vehicle’s range and driving experience.

Industrial Motor Drives

Many industrial applications use AC motors for machinery and equipment. Inverter PCBs regulate the speed and torque of these motors by converting DC power into controlled AC output, they are important for automation, robotics, and manufacturing processes.

Home Appliances

Many modern home appliances, such as air conditioners, refrigerators, and washing machines, use inverter technology for energy efficiency. Inverter PCBs in these devices help control motor speed and reduce energy consumption, contributing to more eco-friendly and cost-effective home systems.

What Causes an Inverter Board to Fail?

There are many factors that can cause inverter board to fail, and some of them we can recognize by visual, but sometimes we cannot. Here we listing some potential factors that make inverter PCB be damaged or fail.

Overheating

Excessive heat is a common cause of inverter PCB failure, particularly in high-power applications. Poor thermal management or inadequate cooling can cause components to overheat and degrade over time. For such conditions, aluminum PCBs has good thermal conductivity, this can help to heat dissipation and transfer heat out efficiently, but if the cooling system is not properly designed, even these boards can fail.

Poor insulation

This may be due to poor installation, improper location selection and poor quality of equipment of PCB board. We can check whether the DC connector has short-circuit supports or burns due to water immersion, and whether the edges of the component become blackened.

Low bus voltage

If this problem occurs in the morning and evening, then it is normal as the inverter tries to limit the generation conditions. If it occurs during normal daytime hours, it can be detected by above method.

Abnormal current leakage

These problems are often caused by poor installation quality, improper location selection and poor equipment quality. We can locate the fault area and make it insulated. If the failure is caused by the material, then replace the incorrect one.

No response

Ensure that the DC input is correctly connected and the inverter has built-in reverse short circuit protection. After the connection is restored, the inverter can start. If the inverter still does not work, it may be the fault of the inverter oscillation circuit or inverter itself has a problem. Try to troubleshooting and repair with new one.

Considerations When Choosing the Right Inverter PCB

Several factors should be considered when choose an inverter PCB for your device. Let’s talk about them.

1. Power Rating

Select a PCB that can handle the power levels required by the application. Overloading a PCB beyond its rated capacity can lead to overheating, component failure, or even dangerous situations like fire.

2. Thermal Management

In applications where heat generation is a concern, selecting a PCB with good heat dissipation is vital. Aluminum PCB or high-quality multilayer PCBs can help dissipate heat effectively. Consider heat sinks, design thermal vias, and adequate ventilation in your design to improve thermal performance.

3. Component Quality

From above, we know high quality components used in the PCB is important as well. High-quality capacitors, transistors, and diodes ensure reliable operation, even in harsh conditions. Always choose components rated for the expected load and environment, or get touch with Best Technology to enjoy a one-stop service from components sourcing and PCB assembly.

4. Environmental Resistance

If the inverter will be used in outdoor or industrial environments, choose a PCB with protective coatings, such as conformal coatings, to shield against moisture, dust, and corrosive elements. Solar power systems or outdoor motor control applications must take it in mind.

5. PCB Layout and Size

The physical size and layout of the PCB should align with the space available in the inverter system. A well-organized PCB layout helps reduce electromagnetic interference (EMI) and improves overall efficiency.

Above are all the information about inverter PCB that we can shared. If you have a question concerning the topics, please contact us.

What is a Wi-Fi Module?

The Wi-Fi module, also known as the wireless module, belongs to the transmission layer of the Internet of Things (loT). It integrates a processor, memory, transceiver, and sometimes an antenna. A Wi-Fi module is to convert the serial port or TTL level into an embedded module that meets the Wi-Fi wireless network communication standards, with built-in wireless network protocol IEEE802.11b.g.n protocol stack and TCP/IP protocol stack.

Wi-Fi Module PCBA Design | Box Build Assembly Manufacturer

The module handles the task of connecting a device to a wireless router, allowing it to send and receive data over the internet. If embedded a Wi-Fi module in traditional hardware devices, then we can directly use Wi-Fi to connect to the Internet. It can be said, it is an important part of wireless smart home, M2M and other IoT applications.

Types of Wi-Fi Module

According to the different functions, Wi-Fi modules can be divided into three categories:

1. General Wi-Fi modules

Such as USB or SDIO interface modules on our mobile phones, laptops and tablets. Wi-Fi protocol stack and driver are run in Android, Windows and IOS systems, which require a very powerful CPU to complete the application.

2. Router Wi-Fi module

The most typical one is our home router, its protocol and driver has powerful Flash and Ram resources chip plus Linux operating system.

3. Embedded Wi-Fi module

Such as 32-bit MCU, built-in Wi-Fi driver and protocol, interface for the general MCU interface such as UART. Suitable for all kinds of smart home or smart hardware items.

What is the Difference Between Wi-Fi and Bluetooth Modules?

While both Wi-Fi and Bluetooth modules enable wireless communication, their usage and performance differ significantly:

1. Frequency

The frequency of Wi-Fi has 2.4G and 5G bands. Wi-Fi 2.4G band has 13 channels, 2401~2423MHz. Wi-Fi 5G frequency band is divided into 5.2G band and 5.8G band, and the 5.8G frequency band is: 149, 153, 157, 161, 165; The 5.2G band must support 11ac, and the available channels are 36, 40, 44, 48, 52, 56, 60, and 64. Under normal circumstances, it is recommended to avoid 52, 56, 60, 64 channels, because they conflict with radar channels;

Bluetooth only has 2.4G band: 2.402GHz ~ 2480GHz, a typical Bluetooth has 76 channels, each channel is 1MHz. And bluetooth BLE has 40 channels, each channel 2MHz, of which 37 channels belong to the data channel, 3 channels belong to the broadcast channel;

2. Application

Wi-Fi can directly access the network, and Bluetooth needs conversion processing. Therefore, WiFi is more suitable for 1-to-many local area networking, such as home and company Internet access environment. Compared with Wi-Fi module, bluetooth is more suitable for short-range and high-stability transmission, such as smart headphones. Additionally, bluetooth mesh networking is especially suitable for smart home wireless control and other applications.

3. Transmission Distance

The transmission distance of Wi-Fi is further than that of Bluetooth, which can reach several hundred meters, while the transmission distance of Bluetooth is generally within 100 meters;

4. Transmission Rate

Wi-Fi: 54Mbps; Bluetooth: 2Mbps;

Wi-Fi is more suitable for big data transmission.

5. Speed

Wi-Fi is generally faster than Bluetooth. It can handle large file transfers or streaming content without any issues. Bluetooth is slower but works well for smaller data transfers like audio streaming or simple file sharing.

What is the Range of a Wi-Fi Module?

‌The coverage range of the WiFi module usually depends on the specific application scenario and environmental conditions. According to the IEEE 802.11 standard, the maximum distance that wireless devices can cover is usually 300 meters, but this depends on the environment is open or not.

In the specific environment, the coverage of the WiFi module will be affected by a variety of factors. For example, in an ideal environment of accessibility and interference, the wireless transmission distance of a wireless router is 100 meters indoors and 300 meters at outdoors. In the actual home environment, the wireless signal will be attenuated when passing through obstacles such as walls, glass, doors, and furniture, affecting the transmission distance. If an external antenna is used, the transmission distance can reach 30 ~ 50 km or even more, depending on the gain of the antenna itself.

Advantages of Wi-Fi Module

1. Wide coverage

WiFi module supports ‌IEEE 802.11b/g/n and other standards to provide a wide range of wireless coverage, suitable for a variety of indoor and outdoor environments.

2. High-speed transmission

WiFi module supports a high data transmission rate, which can meet the requirements of high-speed data transmission, and is suitable for application scenarios with a large amount of data.

3. Compatibility and ecosystem

WiFi module supports a variety of communication protocols, such as ‌Wi-Fi, ‌Bluetooth, etc., has good compatibility and ecosystem, and can be integrated with a variety of devices and services.

4. Easy to install and use

WiFi modules are usually plug and play, easy to install and use, suitable for a variety of devices and system integration.

Disadvantages of a Wi-Fi Module

1. Power consumption

One downside of Wi-Fi modules is their higher power usage compared to other wireless technologies, such as Bluetooth. This can be a concern for devices running on battery power.

2. Interference

Wi-Fi operates on the same frequencies as other devices, such as microwaves and cordless phones.

3. Security

Since Wi-Fi networks are widespread, they can be vulnerable to hacking. Proper security measures, such as encryption, must be implemented to protect data.

What is a Wi-Fi Module Used For?

Wi-Fi modules have a wide range of applications across industries. Actually, it exist everywhere need networks. It can be said, it can be used in every fields. Here are some typical applications:

Smart Homes

Wi-Fi modules power smart devices like security cameras, thermostats, and lighting systems. They connect to a home Wi-Fi network, so users to control them remotely through apps.

Industrial Equipment

In manufacturing or logistics, Wi-Fi modules enable machines to communicate wirelessly.

Consumer Electronics

Devices like laptops, gaming consoles, and smart TVs rely on Wi-Fi modules for wireless internet access.

Healthcare Devices

Medical equipment, such as patient monitors or wearable devices, often use Wi-Fi modules to transmit data to a healthcare provider in real time.

IoT Devices

The IoT relies heavily on Wi-Fi modules. Devices ranging from smart refrigerators to connected doorbells use Wi-Fi to communicate with each other and with cloud-based systems.

Wi-Fi Module Price

Wi-Fi modules are available at various price points, depending on their features and intended use. For instance, the ESP8266 typically costs between $2 to $5. The ESP32, with its additional capabilities, is priced slightly higher, ranging from $5 to $10. High-end industrial Wi-Fi modules can be more expensive, ranging from $20 to $50.

The price may also vary depending on factors like antenna design, supported protocols, and whether the module is designed for mass production or individual projects.

What is the Most Common Wi-Fi Module?

The ESP8266 is one of the most popular and widely used Wi-Fi modules. It is favored in many IoT applications due to its low cost, ease of use, and compact size. Another frequently used module is the ESP32, which offers additional features such as dual-core processing, built-in Bluetooth. In addition to them, there are some other common Wi-Fi module that used in the electronics.

Wi-Fi Module	Description	Frequency Brand	Range	Price	Special Features
ESP8266	Popular for IoT applications due to low cost and ease of use.	2.4 GHz	Up to 150 feet	$2 – $5	Compact size, low power, integrated TCP/IP protocol stack.
ESP32	Offers better performance with dual-core and built-in Bluetooth.	2.4 GHz, Bluetooth	Up to 300 feet	$5 – $10	Dual-core processing, Bluetooth, multiple I/O options.
CC3200	A Texas Instruments Wi-Fi module designed for IoT and smart products.	2.4 GHz	Up to 200 feet	$8 – $15	Built-in ARM Cortex-M4 processor, low power, encryption features.
RN171	A high-performance Wi-Fi module from Microchip.	2.4 GHz	Up to 330 feet	$20 – $30	Embedded TCP/IP stack, simple serial interface.
ATWINC1500	A low-power module designed for IoT and wearable devices.	2.4 GHz	Up to 200 feet	$7 – $15	Ultra-low power, integrated network stack, supports power-saving modes.
WizFi210	A stable Wi-Fi module designed for industrial applications.	2.4 GHz	Up to 300 feet	$10 – $25	Low power, fast boot-up, secure connection.
Roving Networks RN131	Suitable for long-range industrial and commercial applications.	2.4 GHz	Up to 400 feet	$25 – $40	High-performance, robust design, supports SSL encryption.

Considerations in PCBA Design with a Wi-Fi Module

When integrating a Wi-Fi module into PCBA design, several factors need to be considered to ensure optimal performance:

Antenna Design and Placement

A key factor in wireless performance is the placement of the antenna. Ensuring there are no obstructions near the antenna can significantly improve signal strength. The module should be positioned to minimize interference from nearby components.

Power Supply

Wi-Fi modules require a stable and sufficient power supply to function effectively. Voltage fluctuations or insufficient power can result in poor connectivity or even module failure.

Thermal Management

Wi-Fi modules can generate heat, especially during heavy use. Proper heat dissipation methods, such as using heat sinks or thermal vias, should be incorporated into the PCBA design to maintain optimal performance.

EMI and EMC Compliance

Wireless communication devices must adhere to electromagnetic interference (EMI) and electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) standards. Proper shielding and circuit design can help reduce interference and improve reliability.

Firmware Integration

Many Wi-Fi modules come with firmware that handles wireless communication tasks.

One-Stop Box-Build Assembly for Wireless Communication Devices

For companies looking to develop wireless communication devices, Best Technology is your go-to choice. We offer one-stop PCBA and box-build service that can handle everything from component sourcing and PCBA design to final product assembly. By partnering with us, you can reduce much development time, and get a high quality, fast delivery, low cost PCBA with Wi-Fi modules.

With over 18 years of experience in printed circuit boards and as one of the leading PCB manufacturers, we support over 2,000 customers in different industrial areas worldwide. You can count on a PCB board manufacturer like us to meet your one-stop electronics manufacturing demands. We have an experienced engineer, production and quality team to fully understand the unique requirements of your industry, such as the particular acceptance criteria in medical, automotive, communication and aerospace industries. Contact us right now to get your PCB quotation!

What is the maximum temperature for a flex PCB?

The high temperature resistance of a flexible PCB mainly depends on its substrate material. Generally speaking, the maximum temperature that a flexible PCB can withstand can reach 280 degrees in a short period of time, but the long-term temperature is generally between 120 degrees and 150 degrees. ‌

What is a high temperature resistance flexible PCB?

Different types of flexible PCB materials have different tolerances to temperature. PI is a commonly used flexible PCB substrate material that has excellent heat resistance and stability. It can maintain performance in the range of -200 degrees to 300 degrees, but the long-term use temperature is generally between 120 degrees and 150 degrees. ‌

In addition, the glass transition point of solder mask is about 110 degrees, so special attention should be paid to the temperature limit of these materials when designing flexible PCBs. ‌

What temperature should flexible PCB soldering be?

‌The optimal temperature range for flexible PCB soldering is 290-310 degrees Celsius. This temperature range is suitable for most flexible PCB soldering operations and can ensure soldering quality and component reliability.

In specific operations, the soldering time should be kept within a few seconds to prevent damage to the pads of the PCB board. Accurate temperature management is essential to ensure the solder joint quality and circuit performance of the PCB board. The soldering temperature may vary for different types of flexible PCBs.

What is high Tg PCB?

‌High Tg PCB refers to PCB materials with higher glass transition temperature (Tg). ‌ Tg is the temperature point at which the material changes from glass to rubber state. High Tg materials can still maintain good mechanical strength and dimensional stability at high temperatures. ‌

The main advantages of high Tg PCB include:

‌Heat resistance‌: High Tg materials can still maintain good mechanical strength and dimensional stability at higher temperatures and are suitable for high temperature environments. ‌

‌Moisture resistance‌: High Tg materials have low moisture absorption. Even after being heated after moisture absorption, they can maintain good mechanical strength and adhesion, reducing the risk of failure caused by moisture‌.

‌Chemical resistance‌: High Tg materials have better chemical stability at high temperatures and are not easy to decompose‌.

‌Dimensional stability‌: When the temperature changes, the dimensional changes of high Tg materials are small, ensuring the accuracy of PCB‌.

Application scenarios of high Tg PCB include:

Lead-free manufacturing process‌: In highly functional and multi-layered electronic products, high Tg materials can ensure the stability and reliability of PCB in lead-free processes‌.

‌High temperature environment‌: In applications that need to withstand high temperature environments, such as computers, mobile communication devices, etc., high Tg PCBs can ensure stable operation of the equipment‌.

What are the disadvantages of flexible PCB?

The main disadvantages of flexible PCB include:

‌High one-time initial cost‌: Since flexible PCBs are designed and manufactured for special applications, the initial circuit design, wiring and photographic plate costs are high.

‌Difficult to change and repair‌: Once a flexible PCB is made, it must be changed from the base map or the compiled photolithography program, so it is not easy to change. Its surface is covered with a protective film, which must be removed before repair and restored after repair, which is a more difficult task‌.

How thick is the copper in a flex PCB?

The copper foil thickness in a flexible PCB is usually around 0.1mm. The copper foil thickness of a flexible PCB is generally 0.1mm, which is one of its common specifications‌.

In addition, the copper foil thickness of a rigid PCB has a wide range, and common thicknesses include 0.2mm, 0.4mm, 0.6mm, 0.8mm, 1.0mm, 1.2mm, 1.6mm, 2.0mm, etc.‌. The copper foil thickness of a rigid PCB can be adjusted according to demand. For example, in an environment where high current and high power are required, the copper foil thickness may be higher‌.

Flexible PCB materials usually include polyester film, polyimide film, and fluorinated ethylene propylene film, etc. These materials are widely used in curved and flexible circuit designs in electronic devices‌.

Why are Flex PCBs so expensive?

First, material cost is one of the main factors affecting the price of flexible PCBs. Flexible PCBs mainly use special materials such as polyimide (PI) and polyester film, which have excellent heat resistance and electrical properties, but are more expensive.

Second, manufacturing process is also an important reason for the high cost of flexible PCBs. The production process of flexible PCBs includes multiple complex links such as exposure, development, etching, lamination and testing. High-precision manufacturing processes, such as fine line etching and precise alignment, require advanced equipment and technology, which increases production costs.

Design complexity is also a key factor. The design and manufacture of flexible PCBs involve multiple processes, such as etching, copper plating, drilling, etc. The higher the complexity of the process, the higher the manufacturing cost.

Finally, market demand also affects the cost of flexible PCBs. Mass production can effectively reduce unit costs, while small batch or customized production may lead to higher costs.

What is rigid-flex PCB vs flex PCB?

The main difference between rigid-flex PCB and flexible PCB lies in their structure and application scenarios. Rigid-flex PCB combines the characteristics of rigid PCB and flexible PCB, while flexible PCB is made entirely of flexible materials.

Rigid-flex PCB is a circuit board that combines rigid board and flexible board, and is usually used in areas where both rigidity and flexibility are required. This type of circuit board uses flexible materials in specific areas and remains rigid in other areas to meet complex design requirements.

Flexible PCB is made entirely of flexible materials and is usually used in applications that require high flexibility and space saving. Flexible PCB uses flexible materials such as polyimide, allowing the circuit board to be easily bent and folded in a small space. This type of PCB is widely used in modern smart devices such as smartphones, tablets and wearable devices to achieve smaller size and more complex functions.

What is the difference between FR4 and flex PCB?

The main difference between FR4 and flexible PCB lies in their materials, structure and application scenarios. FR4 is a rigid PCB substrate, mainly composed of glass fiber and epoxy resin, with good electrical properties and mechanical strength, suitable for applications requiring high stability and reliability. Flexible PCBs are highly flexible and bendable, suitable for applications with limited space or frequent bending.

FR4 features and applications:

FR4 is currently the most common PCB substrate. FR4 has good electrical properties, with a dielectric constant between 4.5 and 4.8, suitable for medium and low frequency applications; in terms of thermal performance, its thermal expansion coefficient is about 14-17ppm/°C, and its heat resistance can reach 260°C; in terms of mechanical properties, FR4 has high bending strength and tensile strength, suitable for manufacturing processes such as drilling, etching, and copper plating.

Due to its stability and reliability, FR4 is often used in applications such as display screens and reverse cam screens that require high stability.

Flexible PCBs features and applications:

Flexible PCBs (FPCs) are mainly made of materials such as polyimide and are highly flexible and bendable. They are often used in applications with limited size or frequent bending.

The design of flexible PCB is relatively simple, but when rigidity needs to be increased for easy installation or assembly, reinforcement plates such as PI, FR-4 or steel sheets are used.

Due to the high flexibility of flexible PCBs, they are often used in devices that require frequent movement or deformation, such as touch sensors and automotive lighting systems.

As a new type of PCB in the electronics field, high-temperature resistant flexible PCBs have gradually become a popular choice in the electronics field with their excellent high-temperature resistance, bendability, foldability, light weight, stable electrical performance, and good mechanical properties. High-temperature resistant flexible PCBs play an important role in applications in high-temperature environments such as aerospace, automotive electronics, industrial control, and medical equipment.

What is a 6 Layer PCB?

A 6 layer PCB is a printed circuit board that has six conductive layers. It consists of 4 inner layers and 2 outer layers, of which the inner layer is made of copper foil and located in the center of the board (we cannot see it by our eyes), while the outer layer is located on the top and bottom of the board. This design packs a punch, letting you fit more complex circuitry into a smaller space. It’s perfect for small electronic devices that need to do a lot.

6 Layer PCB Stackup, Thickness, Impedance Control

6 Layer PCB Structure

In a typical 6 layer PCB stackup, the conductive layers are numbered from top to bottom, starting with Layer 1. Here’s what a standard configuration looks like:

Layer 1: Top Layer
Layer 2: Reference Plane 1
Layer 3: Signal or Plane Layer 2
Layer 4: Signal or Plane Layer 3
Layer 5: Reference Plane 2
Layer 6: Bottom Layer

The top and bottom layers are the two most common layers in a 6-layer PCB. They are often used to mount large components and connectors. The main role of the top and bottom layer is to provide the structure and support of the circuit board, and can also be used to connect external devices. The middle layers handle signals and reference planes (like ground and power).

Common 6 Layer PCB Stack-Up

When it comes to stacking up those layers, you have a few common configurations:

Stack-Up Option 1: S G S S P S

Top Layer (Signal)
Layer 2 (Ground)
Layer 3 (Signal)
Layer 4 (Signal)
Layer 5 (Power)
Bottom Layer (Signal)

This kind of stack up has more signal layers, which is conducive to the wiring work between components; Because POWER and GND are far apart and not tightly coupled, the signal layers are directly adjacent, which is easy to cause crosstalk. Therefore, staggered wiring is required during wiring. When the power supply impedance is low.

Stack-Up Option 2: S S G P S S

1. Top Layer (Signal)
2. Layer 2 (Signal)
3. Layer 3 (Ground)
4. Layer 4 (Power)
5. Layer 5 (Signal)
6. Bottom Layer (Signal)

POWER and GND are tightly coupled, but the plane reference is too far away and the signal isolation is not good, which is easy to cause crosstalk.

Stack-Up Option 3: S G S G P S (preferred solution)

1. Top Layer (Signal)
2. Layer 2 (Ground)
3. Layer 3 (Signal)
4. Layer 4 (Ground)
5. Layer 5 (Power)
6. Bottom Layer (Signal)

POWER and GND layers are tightly coupled, with good EMI characteristics, and the signal layer is directly adjacent to the internal electrical layer, and is effectively isolated from other signal layers, which is not easy to crosstalk.

Stack-Up Option 4: S G S P G S

1. Top Layer (Signal)
2. Layer 2 (Ground)
3. Layer 3 (Signal)
4. Layer 4 (Power)
5. Layer 5 (Ground)
6. Bottom Layer (Signal)

POWER and GND are tightly coupled. The signal layer is adjacent to the ground layer, the power layer is paired with the ground layer, the impedance of each line layer can be better controlled, and the magnetic field line can be well absorbed by both layers. This layered scheme is suitable for the design of high chip density and high clock frequency.

6 Layer PCB Thickness

The total thickness of a 6 layer PCB usually ranges from 0.8 mm to 2.0 mm. Of course, this can vary based on materials and what you’re aiming for. Each layer contributes to this thickness, and the copper thickness often ranges from 1 oz to 3 oz. Thicker boards tend to offer better durability and heat dissipation, but they can also be less flexible, which is something to consider depending on your application. The common thickness structure are showing as below:

Above are the common structure and thickness of a 6 layer multi-layer PCB, if you want thicker thickness, welcome to contact with us, our expertise team will give you the best and cost-effective solution!

6 Layer PCB Manufacturing Process

6 Layer PCB Price

The price of a 6 layer PCB doesn’t have a standard number/value. It varies based on factors like material, size, and complexity. Generally, they are more expensive than simpler designs due to the increased number of layers and the advanced manufacturing processes involved. However, the investment often leads to improved performance and durability. Here are some factors that will effect your 6 layer PCB price:

Design complexity: If the design is intricate, expect a higher price.
Material quality: Premium materials can drive up the cost but often improve performance.
Volume: Producing in bulk usually lowers the cost per unit.
Manufacturing process: The more difficult process, it will cost much more. Like a normal 6 layer FR4 PCB with through holes is cheaper than 6layer HDI PCB with blind or buried via holes.
Surface treatment: Different treatment you choose will affect your overall price.

In general, you’re looking at prices that range from $5 to $50 or more per unit. It might sound steep, but investing in a quality 6 layer PCB can really pay off in terms of performance and reliability.

6 Layer PCB vs. 4 Layer PCB

6 layer PCB is different with 4 layer PCB, from the board thickness, cost, line width and spacing and etc. Here we listing three main differences between them:

1. Board thickness

The thickness of the PCB board is the thickness of the fingerboard, usually in millimeters. There is a difference in thickness between six-layer and four-layer plates. The thickness of the six-layer plate is usually between 1.6mm and 2.0mm, while the thickness of the four-layer plate is between 1.0mm and 1.6mm. Therefore, the thickness of the six-layer plate is thicker than that of the four-layer plate.

2. Line width

The line width refers to the width of the wire on the circuit board. There is also a difference in line width between six-ply and four-ply panels. The line width of a six-layer board is wider than that of a four-layer board. This is because in a six-layer board, there are more circuit layers, so it is easier to accommodate a wider line width.

3. Drilling

Drilling is an indispensable part of the PCB board production process. It is usually used to punch holes in the board so that electronic components can be installed. There is also a difference in the number of holes drilled between six-ply and four-ply panels. Because the six-layer board has more circuit layers, the number of holes is relatively high.

Impedance Control for 6 Layer PCB

‌The impedance control of 6-layer PCB is to control the impedance value of signal transmission by designing the geometry and material of the circuit board to improve the speed and quality of signal transmission, and reduce signal reflection and interference. ‌ Common methods of controlling impedance include adjusting parameters such as the width, spacing and thickness of the signal lines, using differential lines to reduce signal interference and noise, and using interlayer isolation to prevent signal interference.

In the 6-layer PCB design, the specific implementation methods of impedance control include:

Signal line width and spacing control

Signal line width and spacing is a key factor affecting the impedance. Strictly control the line width tolerance within ±10%, and pay attention to the possible pinholes, notches, dents and other problems on the wire, which will further affect the line width and impedance.

Dielectric layer thickness control

Dielectric layer thickness has a significant effect on impedance. Use advanced manufacturing technology and equipment to ensure the uniformity and consistency of the thickness of the medium layer, and strictly control the thickness tolerance of the medium layer within the design requirements.

‌The use of differential line

Differential line can effectively reduce signal interference and noise, improve the quality of signal transmission and anti-interference ability.

Partially filled with copper and grounded

Fill the area without components or wires with copper, and ensure that the copper filled area is connected to the internal ground layer or power layer at multiple points. The distance between the connection holes does not exceed 1/20 of the highest harmonic wavelength of the signal ‌

6 Layer PCB Design Considerations

When you’re designing a 6 layer PCB, there are several things to keep in mind:

Reference Plane Placement

For the best performance, reference planes (usually ground and power) should be placed next to the routing layers. This setup helps maintain controlled impedance, which is critical for high-speed designs. Having a continuous ground plane right next to signal layers is a great practice.

Plane Splits

Sometimes, reference planes need to be divided into separate sections for analog and digital power. This keeps the analog circuitry isolated from the digital side, which helps reduce noise in sensitive areas.

Symmetry in Design

It’s usually best to keep the stackup symmetrical, with reference planes both above and below the signal layers. This arrangement improves signal integrity. But in some cases, asymmetrical designs are used depending on specific design needs.

Thermal Management

Consider how to manage heat, especially in high-power scenarios, to ensure reliability.

Signal Routing

High-speed or noise-sensitive signals should be routed on the inner layers between reference planes. Keeping these signals away from the outer layers helps minimize interference.

Breakout Vias

When transitioning from inner layers to outer layers, breakout or stub vias should be used. These vias help manage any stub effects, keeping things tidy and controlled.

Minimum Spacing

Lastly, always follow the board fabricator’s guidelines for minimum trace width, spacing, and annular ring sizes. This ensures the board meets the necessary standards and avoids any manufacturing issues.

Simulation Tools

Use simulation software to identify potential issues before manufacturing, which can save you time and hassle.

Best Technology is a reliable PCB manufacturer in China. As one of the highly experienced circuit board suppliers, our products and services include a wide range of printed circuit boards such as rigid PCBs, flex PCBs, rigid-flex PCBs, aluminum PCBs, RF Microwave PCBs, high-speed PCBs, high-frequency PCBs, HDI PCBs, etc. If you have such demands, welcome to contact us.

What substrate is Rogers RT Duroid 5880?

Rogers RT Duroid 5880 is a high-frequency laminate specifically designed for applications where precision and low signal loss are critical. The substrate is a composite material known for its excellent performance in RF and microwave circuits. It uses a PTFE (polytetrafluoroethylene) base reinforced with glass microfibers.

The use of glass microfiber ensures the material is durable but lightweight, making it suitable for applications in which weight is a factor. Its composition is perfect for projects where high-frequency signals are involved. From defense systems to automotive radar, RT Duroid 5880 is a reliable choice. It has become the go-to substrate for engineers and designers looking for efficiency, precision, and durability.

Rogers RT Duroid 5880 | High Frequency Rogers RO5880 PCB Manufacturer

Composition of Rogers RT/duroid 5880

RT Duroid 5880 is composed of PTFE (polytetrafluoroethylene) combined with glass microfiber. PTFE provides a low dissipation factor, which reduces signal loss. This is important for maintaining high performance in RF and microwave applications. Glass microfiber reinforces the material, make it stronger without adding unnecessary weight. The composition also includes copper cladding, which is typically laminated on both sides. The copper layer helps with conductivity, ensuring signals travel efficiently across the board.

The unique combination of PTFE and glass microfiber gives RT Duroid 5880 its excellent mechanical stability. It also minimizes the effect of temperature changes, which is critical for high-frequency circuits. As a result, the material can handle extreme temperatures without affecting the performance of the PCB.

RT/duroid 5880 Specifications

The following table highlights the important specifications of Rogers RT Duroid 5880. These specs reflect the high performance of RT Duroid 5880 for complex RF and microwave tasks.

Property	Value
Dielectric Constant (Dk)	2.20 (±0.02)
Dissipation Factor (Df)	0.0004 (measured at 10 GHz)
Thermal Conductivity	0.20 W/m/K
Operating Temperature Range	-55°C to +150°C
Water Absorption	0.02%
Volume Resistivity	1.7 x 10^9 MΩ·cm (minimum)
Surface Resistivity	1.4 x 10^8 MΩ (minimum)
Coefficient of Thermal Expansion (CTE)	46 ppm/°C (in X-Y axis)
Tensile Strength	10.3 MPa
Flammability	UL 94 V-0
Peel Strength	5.0 N/mm (after soldering)

RT/duroid 5880 Thickness

RT Duroid 5880 comes in various thicknesses. Engineers can choose the right thickness depending on their project’s needs. Rogers RT/duroid 5880 laminate is commercially available in sheet stock and roll stock forms in a range of thicknesses. Here’s a list of the standard thicknesses available:

Available sheet sizes:

304.8 x 457.2 mm
457.2 x 609.6 mm
609.6 x 914.4 mm

Standard thickness:

0.127 mm (5 mils)
0.254 mm (10 mils)
0.381 mm (15 mils)
0.508 mm (20 mils)
0.787 mm (31 mils)
1.524 mm (60 mils)
3.175 mm (125 mils)

Available roll widths:

304.8 mm
609.6 mm
1219.2 mm
Standard roll length: 76.2 meters
Thickness range: 0.127 mm to 1.575 mm

RO5880 RF PCB Advantages

Rogers RT Duroid 5880 has a lot of strengths when used in RF and microwave PCB projects:

Minimal Signal Loss

With a low dissipation factor of 0.0004, it reduces signal loss, which is very helpful for high-frequency systems like radar or satellite communications.

Strong Stability

It holds up well under temperature changes and in humid environments, keeping circuits running smoothly even in tough conditions.

Reliable Electrical Properties

The dielectric constant of 2.20 remains stable over a range of frequencies. This helps keep circuits working consistently without interference or signal issues.

Heat Tolerance

It withstands heat up to 150°C, making it a good choice for systems that need to handle higher temperatures.

Low Moisture Absorption

With only 0.02% water absorption, the material works well in damp environments. Outdoor systems like antennas benefit from this.

Ease of Manufacturing

The material is easy to work with during production, which keeps costs lower and speeds up manufacturing.

Chemical Resistance

The PTFE base resists damage from chemicals and solvents, making the material last longer in harsh environments like aerospace and industrial applications.

Typical Applications of High-Frequency PCB

High-frequency PCBs built with Rogers RT Duroid 5880 serve important roles across many industries:

Aerospace – used in radar, satellite, and navigation systems, RT Duroid 5880 supports reliable communication and tracking, even in high-pressure environments.

Telecommunications – in mobile networks, base stations, and antennas, high-frequency PCBs help maintain clear and fast data transmission, supporting the backbone of communication systems.

Medical Devices – MRI machines, wireless health monitors, and other equipment use high-frequency PCBs to keep medical data accurate and systems working seamlessly.

Defense – communication gear, and electronic warfare systems.

Automotive Systems – advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS) and vehicle radar depend on high-frequency PCBs for real-time data, making roads safer for everyone.

Satellite Communication – RT Duroid 5880 is frequently used in satellite systems where strong signal transmission over long distances is crucial for communication networks.

Common-Used High Frequency PCB Materials in Best Technology

At Best Technology, we use a range of top-quality materials for high-frequency PCBs, depending on the project’s needs. Some of the most popular materials include:

Material	Dielectric Constant (Dk)	Loss Tangent (Df)	Key Features
Rogers RO4003C	3.38	0.0027	Low loss, excellent thermal stability, ideal for RF applications.
Rogers RO4350	3.48	0.0043	Low loss, high thermal conductivity, suitable for microwave applications.
RT/Duroid RO5880	2.94	0.0037	Very low loss, excellent performance at high frequencies, good for multilayer designs.
N4000-13	3.0	0.009	Good thermal stability, low moisture absorption, designed for high-frequency applications.
Taconic RF-60A	6.15	0.0027	High dielectric constant, low loss, suitable for low-loss RF and microwave applications.

Each material brings different strengths for specific applications, giving you the best options for your project.

Discuss Your High Frequency PCB Project with Us Today

If you have a high-frequency PCB project in mind, reach out to us. We’re experienced in creating high-quality PCBs that meet your exact specifications. Whether you need RF, microwave, or other types of high-frequency boards, we’ll make sure your project runs smoothly. Contact us at s ales@bestpcbs.com today, and we’ll help you turn your plans into reality.

What is a 4 Layer PCB?

A 4 layer PCB is a type of circuit board that consists of four distinct layers of conductive material. Each layer serves a specific function. The layers typically include two signal layers, one ground (GND) layer, and one power (VCC) layer. Generally, through holes, buried holes, and blind holes are used to connect the internal layers. There are more buried and blind holes than 2 layer PCB boards. In addition, try not to run signal track on the two layers of VCC and GND. A 4 layer PCB offers more complex designs, better signal integrity compared to simpler designs.

4 Layer PCB Layout, Stack-up, Thickness & Design Guidelines

4 Layer PCB Stack-up

The typical stack-up configuration is as follows:

Top Layer (Signal Layer): This layer carries signals and connections.

Inner Layer 1 (Ground Plane): This layer serves as a reference for signal return paths, reducing noise and interference.

Inner Layer 2 (Power Plane): This layer distributes power to various components on the PCB.

Bottom Layer (Signal Layer): Like the top layer, it carries additional signals and connections.

4 layer PCB Stack up Options

Generally, there are three main categories for preferred stack-up solutions for 4 layer PCBs:

Solution 1: The standard layer setup for common 4 layer PCBs.

TOP (signal layer)

GND1 (ground layer)

PWR1 (power layer)

BOT (signal layer)

Solution 2: Suitable for situations where key components are laid out on the BOTTOM

layer or key signals are routed on the bottom layer; generally applicable under certain restrictions.

TOP (signal layer)

PWR1 (power layer)

GND1 (ground layer)

BOT (signal layer)

Solution 3: Suitable for PCBs primarily using through-hole components, commonly

used where the power is routed in layer S2, and the BOTTOM layer serves as a ground plane, thereby forming a shielding cavity.

GND1 (ground layer)

S1 (signal layer)

S2 (signal layer)

PWR1 (power layer)

4 Layer PCB Thickness

The thickness of a 4 layer PCB can vary depending on the design requirements. Generally, a standard 4 layer PCB thickness ranges from 0.4mm to 1.6mm. The total thickness is determined by the materials used and the copper weight on each layer. A thicker PCB can offer better thermal management and mechanical stability, making it suitable for high-power applications. Here are the 4 layer PCB thickness with different thickness in Best Technology:

4 Layer PCB Manufacturing Process

Cutting material and grinding → drilling positioning holes → inner layer circuit → inner layer etching → inspection → black oxide → lamination → drilling → electroless copper → outer layer circuit → tin plating, etching tin removal → secondary drilling → inspection →print solder mask→Gold-plated→Hot air leveling→print silkscreen→routing outline→Test→Inspection

Ground Plane Design in 4 Layer PCB

The ground plane in a 4 layer PCB is essential to ensuring good performance and signal integrity. Here’s how to design an effective ground plane:

1. Purpose of the Ground Plane

Reference Point: It provides a stable reference for signals, reducing noise and improving signal integrity.
Return Path: It acts as a low-resistance return path for signals, minimizing electromagnetic interference (EMI).

2. Placement in Stack-up

Typically, the ground plane is placed as one of the inner layers, often Inner Layer 1. This positioning helps shield signals on the top and bottom layers.

3. Continuous Ground Plane

Aim for a solid, uninterrupted ground plane. Breaks or cuts can introduce impedance and increase noise.

4. Vias and Connections

Use vias to connect components to the ground plane. Ensure that vias are placed close to component pads to minimize inductance.
Consider using multiple vias for high-current paths to distribute the current effectively.

5. Thermal and Electrical Considerations

Use thermal vias if heat dissipation is a concern. Place them near high-power components to spread heat away from sensitive areas. Ensure that the ground plane is thick enough to handle the expected current loads without excessive voltage drop.

6. Control EMI

Keep the ground plane as large as possible to effectively shield signals from external interference.
Route high-speed signals away from ground plane edges to minimize crosstalk.

7. Simulation and Testing

Use simulation tools to analyze the ground plane’s performance. Check for potential issues such as ground loops or noise.
After fabrication, test the PCB to ensure that the ground plane functions as intended, with minimal interference.

What is the Advantage of a 4 Layer PCB Over a 2 Layer PCB?

While 2-layer PCB boards have their advantages, multi-layer designs are more beneficial for some applications. Today Best Technology will introduce the difference between 2-layer PCB board and 4 layer PCB.

1. A 4 layer PCB has an inner layer, which is laminated with PP and copper foil on both sides during the lamination process. This is pressed under high temperature and high pressure to form a multilayer board. Some circuits on the PCB 4 layer board are etched through the inner layer and pressed; the 2 layer PCB can be directly cut and drilled after production.

2. The 4 layer PCB is made of four layers of fiberglass, which can reduce the cost of the PCB, but the production efficiency is lower than that of the 2 layer PCB.

3. It is difficult for most people to distinguish a 4 layer PCB by observing the cross-section of the circuit board, but it can be identified by looking at the vias. If the same vias can be found on both sides of the PCB, or if the motherboard or graphics card is facing a light source and the vias do not allow light to pass through, then it is a 4 layer PCB.

4. The PCB 4 layer board has dense routing, with the top layer being the front and the bottom layer being the back.

5. The PCB 4 layer board can distribute wiring among multiple layers, which increases design flexibility and allows better control of differential impedance, single-ended impedance, and improved output for certain signal frequencies.

How to Design a 4 Layer PCB?

When designing a 4 layer PCB, it is important to differentiate between the power layer and the signal layer. The signal layer is a positive output, while the power layer is a negative output. This means that lines drawn on the signal layer will result in actual copper traces, whereas lines drawn on the power layer indicate the removal of copper. Essentially, drawing lines on the power layer corresponds to removing copper, while drawing lines on the signal layer represents creating copper traces. Therefore, when designing the power layer, you can use lines to divide the copper area into separate regions, which is known as “power segmentation.” Here is a simple design step of a 4 layer PCB:

1. Schematic Design and Drawing

2. After completing the schematic drawing, import it into the PCB software, and complete the layout with a simple arrangement.

3. Follow the plan to design the stack-up, paying attention to the following aspects:

You can generate multilayer PCB stack-ups yourself, with the default being two layers.

Choose the unit of measurement.

Pullback: This refers to the inward shrinkage of inner layers. When following the 20H rules during design, the power layer should shrink 40 to 80 mils inward compared to the reference layer. This parameter should be set accordingly.

After adding layers, name them appropriately, such as GND, etc.

4. Complete the routing operation. The negative layer contains a network copper area. Once the settings are complete, click OK.

In conclusion, a 4 layer PCB is a powerful tool in modern electronics, offering enhanced complexity, improved signal integrity, and better thermal management. By understanding its stack-up, thickness, and design guidelines, engineers can create reliable and efficient circuit boards. The advantages of 4 layer PCBs over 2 layer designs make them a preferred choice for many applications.

When you choose a 4 layer PCB, you’re investing in a technology that can support complex designs and improve overall performance. With the right design practices and advanced manufacturing capabilities, the potential for innovation is vast. Whether you’re developing consumer electronics, industrial equipment, or medical devices, a well-designed 4 layer PCB can make all the difference.

What Is a Blank PCB Called?

A blank PCB is commonly referred to as a bare board. This term is used because the board has no components soldered onto it yet. It’s simply the foundation of a printed circuit board (PCB), typically made from a material like fiberglass and copper. The copper traces on the board outline where the electrical connections will eventually be made, but before any components are attached, the board remains “blank.”

A bare board is key point in the manufacturing process of electronic devices. Once components like resistors, capacitors, and integrated circuits are added, the blank PCB transforms into a fully functional circuit board. This is the stage where the blank board evolves, moving from raw material to the heart of a functioning device.

How to Use a Blank PCB Board?

Using a blank PCB starts with designing a circuit schematic. Specialized software is used to create a layout that specifies where each component will be placed and how they’ll be connected through copper traces. Once the design is finalized, the blank board serves as a canvas where components are either soldered by hand or using automated machines in mass production.

If you are working on a DIY project or prototyping, the blank PCB allows for customization and flexibility. You can use a soldering iron to manually attach your components. For large-scale production, automated machines place and solder components onto the blank board with precision. Using blank PCBs for custom designs or modifications is a cost-effective way to experiment with electronics.

Why Is PCB So Cheap?

PCBs are considered affordable due to mass production techniques. Modern manufacturing processes, such as automated assembly lines and the use of standard materials, have significantly reduced costs. The global nature of the electronics industry also plays a role, as many manufacturers source materials and labor from countries with lower production costs.

The materials used, primarily fiberglass and copper, are relatively inexpensive. Furthermore, technological advancements have optimized the process of making PCBs, allowing manufacturers to produce them quickly and in large quantities. The result is that even highly specialized PCBs can be produced at a low cost, making them accessible to hobbyists, startups, and large corporations alike. If you want to know the details about factors affect the price of PCB board, welcome to check our another blog:

How Are Blank PCBs Made?

The process of making blank PCBs is a sophisticated, multi-stage operation that ensures the boards meet high precision standards before any components are added. Here’s a detailed breakdown of the steps involved in manufacturing a blank PCB:

Material Selection and Lamination

Blank PCBs start with a substrate, typically made from fiberglass-reinforced epoxy laminate (FR4), which serves as the board’s structural foundation. This substrate is non-conductive, providing insulation for the circuit. A copper layer is then bonded to one or both sides of the substrate using heat and pressure, forming what is known as a copper-clad laminate. The thickness of this copper layer varies based on the board’s intended application, with typical copper thickness ranging from 1 oz (35 µm) to 2 oz (70 µm) per square foot. Thicker copper layers may be used for boards handling higher currents.

Photoresist Application

After lamination, the copper layer is coated with a light-sensitive material called photoresist. This step prepares the board for the next process, which is exposing the circuit pattern. The photoresist layer can be either liquid or dry film and plays a critical role in protecting certain parts of the copper during etching.

Imaging the Circuit Pattern

The desired circuit pattern, generated from PCB design software, is transferred onto the board. This is done by aligning the photoresist-coated board with a photomask (a stencil-like film) that contains the circuit layout. The board is then exposed to ultraviolet (UV) light. The areas of the photoresist not covered by the photomask are hardened, while the areas shielded by the mask remain soft and will later be removed.

Etching Process

The next step is to remove the unneeded copper from the board, a process called etching. Chemical etchants, like ferric chloride or ammonium persulfate, are used to dissolve the unprotected copper, leaving behind only the circuit traces. The areas of the copper protected by the hardened photoresist remain intact, forming the conductive pathways for the future components.

Drilling Holes for Components

After the etching process, holes need to be drilled into the board. These holes, called vias, allow for the placement of components such as resistors, capacitors, and integrated circuits, and are also used to connect different layers in multi-layer PCBs. Advanced PCB manufacturing often uses computer numerical control (CNC) drilling machines to ensure precision, especially for boards with many layers or small trace designs. Some manufacturers employ laser drilling for microvias.

Plating and Hole Metallization

Once the holes are drilled, they need to be plated to create electrical connections between the different layers of the PCB. This is done through a process called electroless copper plating, which deposits a thin layer of copper inside the drilled holes. The plating process ensures that when components are later inserted, electrical signals can flow between layers through the plated holes.

Solder Mask

After drilling and plating, the board is cleaned and coated with a layer of solder mask. This mask protects the copper traces and prevents solder from accidentally bridging across traces during assembly. The solder mask is typically green, though other colors like blue, red, black, or white can also be used. The solder mask is applied through a screen-printing process or as a dry film, and it is cured using UV light or heat.

Silkscreen Printing

Silkscreen printing is applied to the board to mark component locations, symbols, logos, or other identifiers needed during the assembly process. This layer is typically applied using a silk-screening process, similar to how images are printed onto clothing. White is the most common color used for silkscreen, as it provides high contrast against the green solder mask, but other colors can be used depending on the design.

Surface Finishing

The copper pads, where components will be soldered later, are treated with a surface finish to protect them from oxidation and ensure good solderability. Common finishes include HASL (Hot Air Solder Leveling), where the board is dipped in molten solder and excess solder is blown off with hot air, leaving a smooth surface. Another popular finish is ENIG (Electroless Nickel Immersion Gold), where a thin layer of nickel followed by gold is applied to the copper pads.

Electrical Testing and Quality Control

The final step in producing a blank PCB is electrical testing and quality control. Every trace and connection is tested to ensure there are no shorts or opens, which could render the board useless. Automated Optical Inspection (AOI) systems are used to visually inspect the board for defects, while flying probe tests and bed-of-nails tests check for electrical continuity. Any defects found at this stage are flagged for repair or, in severe cases, the board is scrapped.

What Is the Difference Between Bare PCB and PCB?

The term bare PCB refers to the unpopulated circuit board, which means it lacks any electronic components. In contrast, a PCB refers to a fully assembled board that includes all the necessary components to function.

In the bare stage, the PCB is simply the foundation for the circuit but isn’t functional. Once components are soldered onto the bare PCB, it becomes an operational printed circuit board, ready to be integrated into electronic devices.

How Do You Cut Blank PCB?

Cutting a blank PCB requires precision. Tools such as PCB shears, laser cutters, or CNC machines are commonly used to achieve clean, straight cuts without damaging the copper traces. For smaller DIY projects, a hand saw or scoring tool can be used, but these methods require a steady hand and careful planning to avoid mistakes.

Before cutting, it’s important to mark the board clearly to ensure the cuts are accurate. If the board is part of a larger project, cutting should be done after confirming that all components will fit within the intended space.

Why Are PCBs Green?

The green color on most PCBs comes from the solder mask that coats the board. While green is the most common color, the solder mask can be found in other colors such as red, blue, or black. The preference for green is largely historical, as it provided the best contrast for technicians to inspect the board visually.

Green solder masks also tend to offer better performance under different lighting conditions, which can be helpful during manufacturing and quality control processes.

Do PCBs Use AC or DC?

PCBs can handle both AC (alternating current) and DC (direct current), depending on the design and the type of components used. Some boards are designed specifically for DC circuits, while others are built to handle AC power.

For example, a power supply PCB may convert AC from a wall outlet into DC, which is used by many electronic devices. The flexibility to work with either type of current makes PCBs essential for a wide range of applications.

Blank PCB Board Supplier – Best Technology

With over 18 years as an industry leader, Best Technology is one of the most experienced PCB and PCB assembly manufacturer in Asia. We are highly specialized not only in quick-turn PCB prototype and PCB assembly, but also medium and small volume PCB fabrication. In Best Technology, you can enjoy a full-comprehensive one-stop service from PCB design, layout, PCB fabricate, PCB assembly, function testing and delivery. We always try our best to fabricate your PCB with copper clad laminate with the highest quality to meet your demands.

If you have any questions, please feel free to contact us with sales@bestpcbs.com, we will be happy to help you.

Is the circuit board DC or AC?

Circuit boards can transmit both direct current and alternating current. In modern electronic products, we use alternating current for power supply, so most circuit boards are also designed to transmit alternating current. Of course, in some special application scenarios, some circuit boards also need to transmit direct current. Whether transmitting direct current or alternating current, the circuit board needs to meet the requirements of the transmitted current.

What is the PCB in AC?

The alternating current in PCB refers to the current whose direction changes periodically, that is, alternating current (AC). The application of alternating current in PCB is mainly reflected in power conversion and power transmission. PCB power supply usually converts AC into stable direct current (DC) output to meet the demand of electronic equipment for stable power supply. PCB power supply converts AC into the required DC through components such as transformers, rectifiers, filters and voltage regulators, and provides stable power output.

How to calculate the bandwidth of AC in PCB traces

The calculation of AC PCB trace width can be performed by the following formula: W = (I / J) * K, where W represents the trace width, I represents the current, J represents the current density, and K represents a coefficient related to materials and processes. ‌This formula shows that the trace width is related to the current, current density, and material properties‌.

AC in PCB Design Guide

Current Carrying Capacity: The width of a trace directly affects its ability to handle current without exceeding temperature limits or causing excessive voltage drop.
‌Impedance Control: In high-frequency applications, maintaining controlled impedance is critical for signal integrity. Trace width, trace spacing, and dielectric properties affect the characteristic impedance of the transmission line.
‌Heat Dissipation: Adequate trace width helps to effectively dissipate heat, preventing thermal issues such as trace delamination or solder joint failure.
‌Voltage Drop: Narrower traces exhibit higher resistance, resulting in increased voltage drop along the length of the trace. By adjusting the trace width, the voltage drop can be minimized.
‌Manufacturability: The PCB manufacturing process imposes restrictions on the minimum trace width, and designers must balance performance requirements with manufacturability constraints. ‌2.
‌Minimum Trace Width: Most manufacturers have a minimum trace width of 6mil or 0.152mm, and typically use traces of 0.254-0.3mm.
‌Material and Process Deviations: Due to the possibility of material and process deviations in the actual PCB manufacturing process, a certain margin needs to be left when calculating the line width.
‌Signal Integrity Simulation‌: Perform signal integrity simulations to ensure impedance is controlled and signal degradation due to reflections, crosstalk, or transmission line effects is minimized‌

AC in PCB wiring

The current trend is that the power supply voltage is getting lower and lower (especially for highly integrated digital devices), the space occupied is getting smaller and smaller, the weight is getting lighter and lighter, and the efficiency is getting higher and higher, which requires the precise design of the power supply circuit starting from the PCB.

Safety distance includes electrical clearance (spatial distance), creepage distance (surface distance) and insulation penetration distance…

Electrical clearance: the shortest distance between two adjacent conductors or one conductor and the adjacent motor housing surface measured along the air.
Creepage distance: the shortest distance between two adjacent conductors or one conductor and the adjacent motor housing surface measured along the insulation surface.

Determination of electrical clearance:

The distance can be determined according to the measured working voltage and insulation level

The electrical clearance size requirements of the primary side line are shown in Table 3 and Table 4

The electrical clearance size requirements of the secondary side line are shown in Table 5

But usually: Primary side AC part: L-N ≥ 2.5mm before the fuse, L.N PE (earth) ≥ 2.5mm, no requirements are made after the fuse is installed, but a certain distance should be maintained as much as possible to avoid short circuit damage to the power supply.

Primary side AC to DC part ≥2.0mm

Primary side DC ground to earth ≥2.5mm (primary side floating ground to earth)

Primary side to secondary side ≥4.0mm, components connected between primary and secondary sides

Secondary side gap ≥0.5mm

Secondary side ground to earth ≥1.0mm

Note: Before determining whether it meets the requirements, the internal parts should be applied with a force of 10N and the outer shell with a force of 30N to reduce the distance so that the space distance still meets the requirements under the worst case.

Determination of creepage distance:

Based on the working voltage and insulation level, the creepage distance can be determined by looking up Table 6

But usually: (1), primary side AC part: L-N ≥2.5mm before the fuse, L.N earth ≥2.5mm, no requirement is required after the fuse, but try to keep a certain distance to avoid short circuit damage to the power supply.

(2) Primary side AC to DC part ≥2.0mm

(3) Primary side DC ground to ground ≥4.0mm such as primary side ground to earth

(4) Primary side to secondary side ≥6.4mm, such as optocoupler, Y capacitor and other components, the foot spacing ≤6.4mm needs to be slotted.

(5) Secondary side parts ≥0.5mm

(6) Secondary side ground to earth ≥2.0mm or more

(7) Transformer two-stage ≥8.0mm or more

Insulation penetration distance:

It should meet the following requirements according to the working voltage and insulation application:

For working voltage not exceeding 50V (71V AC peak or DC value), there is no thickness requirement;
The minimum thickness of additional insulation should be 0.4mm;
When the reinforced insulation is not subjected to any mechanical stress that may cause deformation or performance degradation of the insulating material at normal temperature, the minimum thickness of the reinforced insulation should be 0.4mm. If the insulation provided is used in the protective casing of the equipment and will not be bumped or scratched during maintenance by the operator, and any of the following conditions apply, the above requirements do not apply to thin insulating materials regardless of their thickness;
For additional insulation, at least two layers of material are used, each of which can pass the dielectric strength test for additional insulation; or:
For additional insulation composed of three layers of material, any combination of two layers of material can pass the dielectric strength test for additional insulation; or:
For reinforced insulation, at least two layers of material are used, each of which can pass the dielectric strength test for reinforced insulation; or:
For reinforced insulation composed of three layers of insulating material, any combination of two layers of material can pass the dielectric strength test for reinforced insulation.

Points to note about wiring process:

Flat components such as capacitors must be flat without glue.

If the distance between two conductors can be shortened by applying a force of 10N, which is less than the safety distance requirement, glue can be used to fix the part to ensure its electrical clearance.

When laying PVC film inside some shell equipment, attention should be paid to ensuring the safety distance (pay attention to the processing technology).

When fixing the parts with glue, be careful not to leave foreign matter such as glue wire on the PCB board.

When processing parts, insulation damage should not be caused.

Requirements for flame-proof materials:

Heat shrink tubing V-1 or VTM-2 or above; PVC tubing V-1 or VTM-2 or above

Teflon tubing V-1 or VTM-2 or above; plastic materials such as silicone sheets, insulating tape V-1 or VTM-2 or above

PCB board 94V-1 or above

Regarding insulation level

(1) Working insulation: insulation required for normal operation of equipment

(2) Basic insulation: insulation that provides basic protection against electric shock

(3) Supplementary insulation: independent insulation applied in addition to basic insulation to protect against electric shock in case of basic insulation failure

(4) Double insulation: insulation consisting of basic insulation plus supplementary insulation

(5) Reinforced insulation: a single insulation structure that provides the same level of protection against electric shock as double insulation under the conditions specified in this standard

The applicable situations of various insulation are as follows:

A. Operational insulation

a. Between parts with different voltages

b. Between ELV circuits (or SELV circuits) and grounded conductive parts.

B. Basic insulation

a. Between parts with dangerous voltages and grounded conductive parts;

b. Between SELV circuits with dangerous voltages and grounding-dependent;

c. Between the primary power conductor and the grounded shield or the core of the main power transformer;

d. As part of double insulation.

C. Supplementary insulation.

a. Generally speaking, between accessible conductive parts and parts that may carry dangerous voltages after basic insulation is damaged, such as:

Ⅰ. Between the surface of handles, knobs, handles or similar objects and their ungrounded axis.

Ⅱ. Between the metal casing of the second category equipment and the outer skin of the power cord passing through this casing.

Ⅲ. Between the ELV circuit and the ungrounded metal casing.

b. As part of double insulation

D. Double insulation

Double insulation Reinforced insulation

Generally speaking, between the primary circuit and

a. between accessible ungrounded conductive parts, or

b. between floating SELV circuits, or

c. between TNV circuits

Double insulation = basic insulation + supplementary insulation

Note: ELV circuit: extra low voltage circuit

Under normal working conditions, the AC peak value between conductors or between any conductors does not exceed 42.4V or the DC value does not exceed 60V.

SELV circuit: safety extra low voltage circuit.

A properly designed and protected secondary circuit so that under normal conditions or single fault conditions, the voltage between any two accessible parts, and between any accessible parts and the protective grounding terminal of the equipment (only for Class I equipment) will not exceed the safety value.

TNV: communication network voltage circuit

Under normal working conditions, the circuit carrying communication signals

Difference between direct current and alternating current

‌The main differences between DC and AC include direction and polarity, voltage change, current loss, transformer use, and application scenarios.

‌Direction and polarity:

DC: The direction of the current remains unchanged, and the electrons flow from the positive electrode to the negative electrode.

AC: The direction of the current changes periodically, and the electrons flow back and forth between the positive and negative electrodes. ‌
‌Voltage change:

DC: The voltage remains constant and does not change over time.

AC: The voltage magnitude and direction change periodically over time. For example, the mains is an AC with a sine waveform.

‌Current loss:

DC: Fault losses are relatively small.

AC: There is capacitive current, and there is capacitive current in the transmission line. ‌
‌Transformer use:

DC: The voltage cannot be changed using a transformer.

AC: The voltage can be changed using a transformer, which is suitable for boosting voltage to reduce losses during long-distance transportation.

‌Application scenarios:

DC: Suitable for low-voltage electrical appliances and occasions that require stable current.
‌Alternating current‌: Suitable for household and industrial use, using transformers to change voltage to suit different needs.‌

FAQ About AC in PCB

FAQ About AC in PCB

Q: The relationship between PCB current and line width. Is the current divided into AC or DC?
A: The relationship between PCB current and line width is not divided into AC or DC. In terms of the nature of the lines on the PCB, the lines are all made of copper materials, and both AC and DC can pass. However, how much current can pass depends on the cross-sectional area of the line on your PCB. That is, line width x thickness of the copper foil of the line. If the cross-sectional area of the line is small, only small current signals can pass, and if the cross-sectional area is large, large current signals can pass. This signal can be AC or DC.
Not just 1mm, any line width can pass DC or AC signals.

Q: There is a packaged device, and there are 2 pins in the device that need to be connected to the live wire and neutral wire of 220V AC respectively. So how to deal with this power line when drawing the PCB? Are there any size requirements for pads, wires, etc.? Are there any protective measures required? Is it not possible to directly add pads to connect to the pin pads of the device?
A: It is best to mill a groove between the neutral wire and the live wire, and choose the thickness of the wire according to the current. When the current is large, you can put a tin layer on the wire, and the pad should be slightly larger.

Q: The grounding of the PCB circuit board design is also the negative pole. What is the difference between the grounding here and the AC grounding?

A: The concept of the circuit board ground is somewhat different from that of the power supply system. The power supply system refers to the earth, that is, the terminal with the same potential as the earth.

The ground in the circuit board is just a common terminal of a potential, which can be positive or negative, depending on the needs of the designer. It’s just that everyone is used to and assumes that the negative pole is the common terminal, that is, the ground. The circuit board ground is not necessarily connected to the earth.

But it must be connected to the earth when EMI filtering is required.

Q: Should all GNDs on the PCB board be connected? There is a terminal (screw type) with two terminals marked as V1+ and V1- on the PCB schematic. Should V1- be connected to the power supply ground? But I used a multimeter to measure why V3- is not connected to other GNDs on the board?

So how do you connect the ground and 10V of the power supply to the V1+ and V1- ends of the terminal?

A: Not all ground wires on the board are connected together. The ground wires are divided into analog ground and digital ground, just like the ground wire in DC and the ground wire in AC cannot be connected together. That is to say, there is a ground wire that is specifically used for power supply, and there is a ground wire that is specifically used for signals (shielding signal interference). These two ground wires cannot be connected together.
In addition, you mentioned V1+ and V1-, and V1- should not be considered a ground wire. Generally, the signal represented by this method is a differential signal, that is, the V1 signal is differentially divided into V1+ and V1-, which can reduce external interference and transmit farther. Finally, V1+ and V1- are integrated into the V1 signal.
You need to figure out whether the V1+ and V1- of the terminal are used for power supply. If they are used for power supply, then V1+ is the positive pole. V1- is the negative pole. Since you didn’t show us the picture, you can’t just connect it randomly. The circuit board needs to connect not only power but also signals, depending on how your board is made.

Archive for the ‘FR4 PCB’ Category

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