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What Does An Audio Board Do? – Best Technology

Friday, August 9th, 2024

An audio board, often referred to as a soundboard or mixer, is a crucial device in the world of sound engineering. Whether you’re working on a live concert, recording in a studio, or simply enhancing audio for a video production, understanding the role of an audio board is essential. This guide will walk you through what an audio board does, its various names, and how to set one up effectively.

What Does an Audio Board Do?

An audio board, or soundboard, manages and controls audio signals. It’s used in many settings, from live concerts to recording studios. The primary function of an audio board is to mix different audio sources, such as microphones and instruments, to create a balanced sound output. This device allows sound engineers to adjust levels, equalize sound frequencies, and add effects to enhance the overall audio experience.

In more technical terms, an audio board receives input signals, processes them, and sends them to an output device. This processing can include adjusting volume levels, panning audio between speakers, and applying effects like reverb or delay. The result is a well-mixed audio output that sounds harmonious and professional.

What is Also Called an Audio Board?

An audio board goes by several names, depending on its use and context. Commonly, it’s known as a soundboard or mixing console. In professional settings, you might hear it referred to as an audio mixer or sound mixer. These terms are often used interchangeably, but they all refer to the same essential device that manages and manipulates audio signals.

Other names include audio mixing board and professional mixing board. These names highlight the device’s role in combining multiple audio inputs into a single or multiple outputs. Whether you’re shopping for an audio board online or looking to upgrade your studio equipment, understanding these terms will help you find the right product for your needs.

What is the Working Principle of Audio Board?

The working principle of audio circuit refers to the process of audio signal transmission and processing in the circuit. In general, the frequency range of audio signals is 20Hz to 20kHz, and they are electrical signals used to transmit sound. The processing of audio signal includes amplification, mixing, filtering and so on.

Amplification refers to increasing the amplitude of the audio signal so that it can drive the speaker to produce a sound. The amplification process is generally achieved using an amplifier, the principle is to use the amplifier tube of the amplifier to amplify the input signal and then output it to the speaker.

Mixing refers to the process of mixing multiple audio signals into one signal. In a mixing circuit, multiple audio signals are mixed together through a mixer to output a composite signal. The mixer is generally composed of an operational amplifier and a mixer. The operational amplifier is responsible for adding multiple input signals, while the mixer is responsible for adjusting the volume ratio of each input signal.

Filtering refers to filtering the audio signal through a filter to remove unwanted frequency components. Filters are generally divided into low-pass filters, high-pass filters and band-pass filters. A low-pass filter only allows low-frequency signals to pass through, a high-pass filter only allows high-frequency signals to pass through, and a bandpass filter only allows signals in a certain frequency range to pass through.

Is a Sound Board the Same as a Mixer?

Yes, a soundboard and a mixer are essentially the same device. Both terms describe equipment used to blend and adjust audio signals. The term “mixer” is often used in professional audio production environments, while “soundboard” is more common in live sound settings.

The confusion between these terms arises from their varied applications. A soundboard is typically associated with live events, where audio engineers manage the sound in real-time. A mixer, on the other hand, might be used more broadly, encompassing both live and studio environments. Regardless of the term, the device’s primary function remains the same: to mix audio signals and produce a balanced sound output.

What is the Function of a Soundboard?

A soundboard, or audio mixer, plays a critical role in sound engineering by managing and manipulating audio signals. Let’s delve deeper into its functions:

Mixing Audio Signals
Equalization (EQ)
Volume Control
Panning
Adding Effects
Routing
Dynamic Processing
Monitoring

How Do You Hook Up a Soundboard?

Hooking up a soundboard needs to proceed several steps. Each step is the key point to make sure all audio sources are correctly connected and configured. Here’s a step-by-step guide:

Prepare all necessary cables, microphones, instruments, and speakers.
Plug your microphones and instruments into the input channels on the soundboard. Each channel corresponds to a specific input source.
Connect the output channels of the soundboard to your speakers or recording devices. This usually involves using XLR or quarter-inch cables.
Turn on the soundboard and all connected equipment.
Adjust the input gain for each channel to ensure the signal is neither too weak nor too strong.
Test each input and output to ensure everything is working correctly. Make necessary adjustments to the levels and EQ settings.
Use headphones or monitor speakers to listen to the audio and make final adjustments.

How to Set Up a Sound Mixing Board?

Setting up a sound mixing board involves more than just connecting cables. Here are detailed steps to set up your sound mixing board effectively:

Plan Your Setup

Determine the layout of your equipment and where each input and output will be connected. This planning stage helps avoid confusion during the actual setup.

Label Everything

Label each input and output cable to know which source they correspond to. This step is crucial in complex setups with many audio sources.

Connect Your Inputs

Plug in microphones, instruments, and any other audio sources into the appropriate input channels on the mixing board.

Connect Your Outputs

Connect the main outputs to your speakers or PA system. Also, connect any auxiliary outputs to additional monitors or recording devices.

Power Everything On

Turn on your mixing board and connected equipment. Make sure to power on any external preamps or processors first if you’re using them.

Adjust Gain Levels

Set the gain for each input channel. Start with the faders at unity (0 dB) and adjust the gain until each input is at a proper level.

Set EQ and Effects

Adjust the EQ settings for each channel to achieve a balanced sound. Add effects as needed to enhance the audio.

Create a Mix

Use the faders to balance the levels of all input sources. Make sure each source is heard clearly without overpowering the others.

Monitor and Adjust

Continuously monitor the sound through headphones or monitor speakers. Make adjustments as necessary to maintain a balanced mix.

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Why is PCB Board So Expensive?

The cost of a PCB can sometimes seem high due to several reasons. Firstly, the complexity of the design plays a significant role. High-density interconnect (HDI) PCBs, multi-layer PCBs, and those requiring advanced materials or special finishes can drive up the cost. Additionally, stringent quality control measures and the need for precise manufacturing processes add to the expense.

Another factor is the cost of raw materials. Copper, laminates, and specialty substrates can vary in price, affecting the overall cost of the PCB. Furthermore, labor costs in the region where the PCB is manufactured, along with overhead costs such as utilities and facility maintenance, contribute to the final price.

What Factors Affect the PCB Board Cost?

PCB board can cost from $10 to $500 to produce. Buyers are always amazing that why PCB cost so high? But they don’t know there are numerous factors a manufacturer considers in determining PCB costs. If you are in the market to design a PCB, this guide provides factors to consider that could increase or decrease the cost of circuit boards.

Manufacture technology

The specific technology used in the PCB can significantly impact the cost. Advanced technologies such as HDI (High-Density Interconnect), embedded busbar or flexible PCBs often require more complex manufacturing processes, which can increase the cost.

Material Type

The type of materials used for the PCB, such as standard FR4, high-frequency laminates, or other specialty substrates, can influence the cost. Higher quality or specialized materials typically cost more.

IPC Grade

The IPC standards and grades indicate the quality and reliability requirements of the PCB. In electronics manufacturing, printed circuit boards are divided into three levels: level 1, level 2 and level 3. These grades reflect the quality level of each board type, from the lowest (Level 1 standard) to the highest (Level 3 standard). This classification system was developed and defined by IPC and is specified in the IPC-6011 series.

Circuit Design

The complexity of the circuit design, including the number of layers, trace width, and spacing, affects the cost. More intricate designs require more precision and advanced techniques, leading to increased expenses.

PCB Size & Yield

The physical dimensions of the PCB and the yield rate during production play a role in the overall cost. Larger boards or designs with lower yield rates (more defects) will typically cost more to produce.

Material Thickness

The thickness of the materials used in the PCB construction, such as the substrate and copper layers, can impact the cost. Thicker materials may be more expensive and require more resources to process.

Copper Thickness

The thickness of the copper used in the PCB, measured in ounces per square foot, can affect the cost. Thicker copper layers provide better electrical performance but are more expensive.

Stack-up

The method of layering and stacking the materials in the PCB, known as the stack-up configuration, can influence the cost. Complex stack-ups with multiple layers and specific arrangements can be more costly to manufacture. Read our another post of How Can I Reduce and Optimize the Cost of My PCB in A Best Way?

Manufacturing Process of A Standard PCB

PCB Design and Layout

The manufacturing process begins with the design phase, where engineers use CAD (Computer-Aided Design) software to create the PCB layout. This includes defining the circuit paths, components, and layers, ensuring the design meets the electrical and mechanical requirements.

Once the design is finalized, a photomask is created, which is a transparent film with the PCB design printed on it. The PCB substrate, typically made of FR4, is then coated with a light-sensitive material called photoresist.

Drilling

Precise holes are drilled into the board for through-hole components and vias using computer-controlled drilling machines. The board is cleaned and deburred to remove any rough edges or debris from the drilling process.

Plating and Copper Deposition

A thin layer of copper is deposited on the surface of the board and inside the drilled holes through an electroless plating process, providing a conductive base. Additional copper is electroplated onto the board, building up the thickness of the copper traces and plated through-holes.

Pattern Transfer

The photomask is placed over the photoresist-coated substrate and exposed to ultraviolet (UV) light. The UV light hardens the photoresist where the design allows light to pass through, and the board is then developed to wash away the unhardened photoresist, leaving behind the desired circuit pattern.

Etching

The PCB undergoes an etching process using a chemical solution to remove unwanted copper, leaving only the copper traces that form the circuits. The remaining hardened photoresist is then stripped away to reveal the clean copper pattern.

Applying Solder Mask

A layer of solder mask is applied to the board to protect the copper traces from oxidation and prevent solder bridges during assembly. The solder mask is cured using UV light, hardening it and making it durable.

Surface Finish/Surface Treatment

A surface finish is applied to the exposed copper areas to protect them and facilitate soldering. Common finishes include HASL (Hot Air Solder Leveling), ENIG (Electroless Nickel Immersion Gold), and OSP (Organic Solderability Preservatives).

Outline Routing

One the surface treatment finish, it will be routed according to the manufacturing file by CNC machine. And then individual PCBs are cut from the larger panel using routing or V-scoring, depending on the board design and requirements.

Electrical Testing & FQC

The PCB undergoes electrical testing to check for short circuits, open circuits, and other defects. This is typically done using a flying probe tester or a bed-of-nails tester. Then the board is visually inspected for any cosmetic defects or anomalies, and further tests and inspections are performed to ensure the PCB meets all specified requirements and standards. Below you can see the full manufacturing process video of a PCB:

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How Will You Diagnose a Faulty PCB By Visually?

For some printed circuit boards, we can check by our naked eyes. Here are some common ways to follow:

1. Check the condition of components

When you get a faulty PCB, first observe if there are any obvious component damages, such as burnt or swollen electrolytic capacitors, burnt resistors, and damaged power devices.

2. Inspect the soldering of the PCB

Check if the printed circuit board (PCB) is deformed or warped; if there are any loose or poorly soldered joints; if the copper cladding on the PCB is lifted, burnt, or blackened.

3. Examine the component plug-ins

Ensure the correct orientation of integrated circuits, diodes, and the PCB power transformer.

How to Check PCB with a Multimeter?

Before you start testing your PCB, ensure you have the right tools and environment. Here’s a checklist to get you started:

1. Safety First: Wear anti-static gloves and ensure you are working on an anti-static mat to prevent damage to the PCB.

2. Multimeter Selection: Choose a multimeter with the ability to measure voltage, resistance, and continuity. A digital multimeter is preferred for accuracy.

3. Visual Inspection: Examine the PCB for visible signs of damage such as burnt components, broken traces, or solder bridges.

4. Power Off the Board: Always test the PCB with the power off to avoid any electrical hazards and damage to the multimeter.

How Do You Test Individual Components on a PCB?

Testing individual components like resistors, capacitors, and diodes can pinpoint the exact failure. Here’s a general approach:

Diode
Transistor
MOSFET
Electrolytic Capacitors

How to Test Diodes?

1. Set the MF47-type multimeter to measure resistance.

2. Place the red and black probes on the two ends of the diode and read the value.

3. Swap the probes and measure again.

4. Judge based on the two measurements: the forward resistance of small power germanium diodes is 300-500Ω, silicon diodes are about 1kΩ or larger. The reverse resistance of germanium diodes is tens of kilo-ohms, and silicon diodes are above 500kΩ (values are much smaller for high-power diodes). A good diode has low forward resistance and high reverse resistance, and the larger the difference, the better.

5. If both forward and reverse resistances are very low, the diode is short-circuited; if both are very high or infinite, the diode is open-circuited and needs to be discarded.

How to Test Transistors?

1. Set the digital multimeter to the diode mode.

2. Measure the PN junction with the probes. If it conducts forward, the displayed value is the forward voltage drop of the PN junction.

3. Determine the collector and emitter: measure the forward voltage drop of the two PN junctions, the larger drop is the emitter (e), and the smaller drop is the collector (c). If the red probe is connected to the common terminal, the transistor is NPN type, and the common terminal is the base (b); if the black probe is connected to the common terminal, the transistor is PNP type, and the common terminal is the base (b).

4. For in-circuit testing, measure the forward and reverse resistance of the PN junction to determine if the transistor is damaged. If the branch resistance is larger than the forward resistance of the PN junction, there should be a clear difference between the forward and reverse resistances, otherwise, the PN junction is damaged.

The Way to Test MOSFETs?

1. Connect the black probe to the drain (D) and the red probe to the source (S), the resistance should be 500-600.

2. Without moving the black probe, touch the gate (G) with the red probe, then measure the source (S) again; it should conduct.

3. Connect the red probe to the drain (D), touch the gate (G) with the black probe, then measure the source (S); the resistance should be the same as the first measurement, indicating the MOSFET is working normally.

How to Test Electrolytic Capacitors?

1. Select the appropriate range on the MF47-type multimeter based on the capacitor’s capacity. Use R×1K range for capacitors below 47μF, and R×100 range for those above 47μF.

2. Connect the red probe to the negative lead and the black probe to the positive lead of the capacitor.

3. On initial contact, the multimeter needle will deflect right and then gradually return to the left until it stops at a certain position (close to infinity). This value is the capacitor’s forward leakage resistance; the larger the value, the better the capacitor’s performance.

4. Swap the probes and repeat the process. The measured value will be the reverse leakage resistance, slightly smaller than the forward leakage resistance.

5. If no charging phenomenon occurs (the needle doesn’t move), the capacitor is either open or short-circuited internally. If the resistance is very small or zero, the capacitor is leaky or has broken down and cannot be used.

This is the end of this article, if you want to know more about it, welcome to contact us.

What is Thermal-Electric Separation Copper Substrate with Flexible PCB?

The Thermal-Electric Separation Copper Substrate with Flexible PCB is a composite material that combines a rigid thermal-electric separation copper substrate with a flexible circuit board. It integrates the advantages of both, providing superior performance in high-power and high-density applications.

1. Thermal-Electric Separation Copper Substrate

The thermal-electric separation copper substrate is designed for high-power electronic devices, providing an efficient heat dissipation solution. It separates the paths of heat and electrical signals to avoid thermal interference with electrical performance. Its structure typically includes:

Single-sided design: Electronic components are placed on one side of the copper substrate, while the other side is used for heat dissipation.
High thermal conductivity materials: Such as copper or aluminum, which can quickly conduct heat, like copper is 400W/m.k, aluminum is 237W/m.k.
Thermal vias: Vertical heat conduction paths that rapidly transfer heat to the dissipation layer.

2. Flexible PCB (FPC)

Flexible PCBs (Flexible Printed Circuits, FPC) use flexible materials like polyimide (PI) or polyester (PET) that can bend and fold to adapt to complex three-dimensional structures and dynamic application scenarios. Their advantages include:

Lightweight: Reducing the overall weight of the device.
High-density wiring: Achieving complex circuit designs in limited space.
Flexibility: Meeting diverse design needs.

Structure and Characteristics

The structure of the Thermal-Electric Separation Copper Substrate with Flexible PCB includes rigid and flexible parts, connected together using conductive adhesives or other bonding materials to form a unified whole.

1. Rigid Part

The rigid part uses the thermal-electric separation copper substrate, responsible for efficient heat dissipation and mechanical support. This part usually carries high-power components to ensure rapid heat transfer and dissipation.

2. Flexible Part

The flexible part uses the flexible PCB, which can bend and fold to fit the complex internal structure of devices. This part is typically used to connect the rigid part with other modules that require flexible connections.

3. Bonding Method

The flexible and rigid parts are bonded together using conductive adhesives, welding, or mechanical connections. The design of the bonding area ensures stable electrical connections and reliability during bending and dynamic use.

Thermal-Electric Separation Copper Substrate with Flexible PCB Advantages

1. Efficient Heat Dissipation

The thermal-electric separation copper substrate provides excellent heat dissipation, effectively conducting away the heat generated by high-power components to maintain a reasonable operating temperature range. This is especially important for applications like high-power LEDs and power semiconductor devices.

2. Flexibility

The use of the flexible PCB offers great design freedom, allowing adaptation to the complex three-dimensional structures and dynamic application needs within devices. This enables designers to achieve more complex circuit designs in limited spaces, increasing device integration and functionality.

3. Reliability

The thermal-electric separation design and high thermal conductivity materials enhance the reliability of the circuit board, reducing the impact of heat on electrical performance. The flexible part reduces the number of connection points, lowering the risk of failure.

4. Space Saving

Combining the advantages of rigid and flexible circuit boards allows for efficient heat dissipation and complex circuit in limited space. This is crucial for modern miniaturized and high-density electronic product designs.

Where Thermal-Electric Separation Copper Substrate with Flexible PCB used?

1. High-Power LED Lighting

High-power LEDs generate a significant amount of heat during operation. The thermal-electric separation copper substrate provides an efficient heat dissipation solution, ensuring the stable operation and long lifespan of LEDs. The flexible part is used to connect different LED modules, accommodating diverse design requirements.

2. Automotive Electronics

In automotive electronics, such as in-vehicle cameras and sensor modules, efficient heat dissipation and compact design are required. The thermal-electric separation copper substrate with flexible PCB can meet these demands, enhancing device reliability and performance.

3. Consumer Electronics

Devices like smartphones and tablets require lightweight and miniaturized designs. The thermal-electric separation copper substrate with flexible PCB offers efficient heat dissipation and flexible circuit, optimizing device performance and user experience.

4. Medical Devices

In applications that require flexibility and reliability, such as portable diagnostic equipment and implantable medical devices, the thermal-electric separation copper substrate with flexible PCB can help to enhancing device performance and reliability.

How does Thermal-Electric Separation Copper Substrate with Flexible PCB manufactured?

The manufacturing process for the thermal-electric separation copper substrate with flexible PCB is complex, typically including the following steps:

Material Preparation: Selecting appropriate rigid and flexible materials and performing pre-treatment.
Circuit Printing: Printing circuit patterns on both rigid and flexible materials.
Lamination and Bonding: Combining the flexible circuit board with the thermal-electric separation copper substrate, usually using conductive adhesives or other bonding materials.
Drilling and Plating: Drilling holes and electroplating to form conductive paths on the combined board.
Surface Treatment: Performing surface treatments such as pad coating on the circuit board.
Testing and Inspection: Conducting electrical and mechanical performance tests to ensure the quality and reliability of the board.

The thermal-electric separation copper substrate with flexible PCB, as an innovative composite circuit board, combines the advantages of efficient heat dissipation and flexible wiring. It is widely used in high-performance and complex design electronic products. With continuous technological advancements and growing market demand, this composite circuit board will play an important role in more fields, driving the ongoing innovation of electronic manufacturing technology. Want know more about it, just feel your free to contact us.

What is a printed circuit board?

Before knowing the methods of testing circuit board, let’s understand the definition of PCB. A PCB is a flat board made from insulating materials like fiber glasses with conductive pathways etched onto its surface. The pathways we called circuit or traces. These pathways connect different electronic components, so that they can communicate and function together. PCBs come in various materials, shapes and sizes, which always is customized to meet specific applications and performance requirements.

PCBs can be divided into different types according to substrate material used. They are – normal FR4 PCB, polyimide flexible PCB, metal core PCB, ceramic PCB, rogers PCB. Different has its own properties and advantages. The choice of materials and the design of the PCB significantly impact the performance and reliability of the final product. Understanding the materials used in PCBs is crucial for anyone involved in electronics, from hobbyists to professional engineers/designers.

Common PCB Circuit Board Issues

Though PCB has a strong construction, they are easy to be broken or failure since they always encounter a range of issues. These problems can stem from manufacturing defects, wear and tear, or improper handling. Identifying and diagnosing these issues promptly is crucial for maintaining the reliability and performance of electronic devices. Common issues we faced are including:

Open Circuits: These occur when a break in the circuits prevents current flow normally. Open circuits can result from physical damage or manufacturing errors.

Short Circuits: Due to improper soldering, unreasonable circuit design and other reasons, resulting in a short circuit between two or more points in the circuit that should not be connected. This can cause excessive current flow, potentially damaging components.

Grounding: The unreasonable design of ground area leads to interference signals on the grounding, which affects the normal operation of the circuit.

Signal: The signal circuit design is not reasonable, resulting in interference signals on the signal.

Component Failures: Individual components on a PCB can fail due to aging, overheating, or electrical stress breakdown. And incorrect orientation will lead to the failure of PCB.

Soldering Issues: Poor soldering can lead to weak connections, causing intermittent faults or complete circuit failure. This including the dents in the solder joints, this also can make the PCB failure.

Corrosion: PCB exposure to moisture and contaminants for a long time can cause corrosion, degrading the conductive pathways and component leads.

How to check a PCB?

In generally, there are four common ways to check whether if your PCB are good or failure.

1. Visual inspection

The easiest way is visual inspection. Through naked eye observation, check whether the solder joint on the PCB circuit board is firm, whether there is short circuit, open circuit and other phenomena. And look for burnt components, discolored areas, or broken traces, such as somewhere became black or be burned obviously. These are clear indicators of damage.

2. Use a multimeter

Multimeter is a common tool used for measuring PCB. Multimeter is versatility and it has multiplied modes. Select the appropriate mode on the multimeter, such as continuity, voltage, or resistance mode, depending on what you are testing. Before testing, make sure probes are in good condition and properly connected to the multimeter, with the red probe typically being positive and the black probe negative or ground. Click here to read What is the PCB flying probe test?

3. E-tester

E-tester is a good way to test short or open circuit when it is a mass production. If you just want to test one piece PCB, multimeter is much better.

4. Use oscilloscope

An oscilloscope is a powerful diagnostic tool used to observe the waveform of electrical signals in a circuit. Connect the oscilloscope probes to the test points on the PCB, it can capture the waveform. By observing the waveform, determine whether the circuit is working normally.

5. Use a thermal imager

A thermal imager also is a effective way to check the condition of PCB. It can capture the temperature distribution on the PCB. It helps identify areas with excessive heat, which can indicate potential issues.

How to Test a Circuit Board with a Multimeter Effectively?

Testing a circuit board with a multimeter is essential for diagnosing and fixing electronic issues. A multimeter can measure voltage, current, and resistance, helping you identify problems with the PCB. The main way to test a PCB with a multimeter is to measure voltage, ‌ resistance, and ground. ‌

Measuring voltage

By measuring the voltage on the circuit board, ‌ can quickly test whether the circuit is working properly. Use the voltage gear of the multimeter, ‌ select the appropriate range, ‌ then measure the input and output of the power supply on the circuit board respectively, ‌ to check whether the voltage is within the normal range. If the voltage is abnormal, ‌ may indicate that the circuit is open or short. ‌

Measuring resistance value

By measuring the resistance value on the circuit board, can detect whether the circuit is smooth. Use the resistance level of the multimeter, select the appropriate range, then measure the key nodes on the circuit board, check whether the resistance value is within the normal range. If the resistance value is abnormal, may indicate that the circuit is open or short. ‌

Check the grounding

Grounding is critical to the proper operation of the circuit board. Use the multimeter’s ground test function, to check that key points on the board are properly grounded, ‌ this helps to spot potential electrical connection problems. ‌

In addition, for industrial-grade PCB measurement, the use of higher-precision multimeters and special pens can improve the accuracy and efficiency of the measurement. ‌ For example, the ‌ Fluke 17B Max multimeter is equipped with an extra-pointed stylus, enables more accurate measurement of patch components and pins, and ‌ improves measurement fineness and accuracy.

Generally speaking, using a multimeter to test the PCB board needs to master the correct measurement methods and skills. At the same time according to the complexity of the circuit board to choose the appropriate measurement tools, to ensure the accuracy and efficiency of the test.

How to Tell if a Circuit Board is Bad?

Identifying a bad circuit board requires a combination of visual inspection and multimeter testing. Here are some signs and methods to determine if a PCB is faulty:

Visual Signs

Look for burnt components, discolored areas, or broken traces, such as somewhere became black or be burned obviously. These are clear indicators of damage.

Component Testing

Use the multimeter to test individual components. A component that doesn’t show the expected resistance or voltage is likely faulty.

Continuity Testin

Check for open circuits. Lack of continuity in a path indicates a broken trace or solder joint.

Short Circuit Detection

Identify any unintended connections between different paths. This can be done by checking for continuity where there should be none.

Functionality Testing

Test the circuit board in its intended application. If the device does not function correctly, there may be an issue with the PCB.

Why Choose Best Technology?

By reading this post, you may know how to test a PCB by multimeter already and other methods to identify them. Best Technology has engaging in the PCB manufacturing for more than 18 years, we have served over 2000+ customers all around the world. We have strong R&D team and equipped with advanced equipment to improve the yield and product quality.

At Best Technology, we provide various PCB manufacturing, including metal core PCBs, ceramic PCBs, rigid-flex PCBs and some other special PCBs like HDI PCB, busbar PCB, heavy copper PCB. If you have similiar projects, you are welcome to contact us.

What is Meant by Dry Soldering?

Dry soldering refers to a poor solder joint that lacks proper electrical connectivity on a PCB assembly product. This issue occurs when the solder does not properly melt and bond to the components, leading to weak connections. These joints are often brittle and prone to failure, which can result in intermittent or complete loss of electrical connectivity.

Dry Soldering: How to Prevent and Fix Dry Solder Joint?

Why Dry Solder Joint Causes?

Dry solder joints occur due to several reasons, each impacting the quality of the solder connection. First of all, the solder paste reflow process is only a small area, which is easier to harden than the solder paste in the solder paste can. At this time, the solder paste will not melt, and the flux cannot cover the solder joint, resulting in poor welding of the solder joint. Meanwhile, the solder paste is easier to heat transfer, and the high temperature actually makes the solder paste not easy to melt, so we can slightly adjust the reflow welding temperature curve to solve the problem, or welding in a nitrogen environment is basically a good way to solve this problem.

Secondly, the solder paste does not melt because its own composition contains a very volatile flux, which is also the reason why the solder paste is easy to harden. Among them, the flux with the largest content of solder paste is rosin, rosin contains a lot of rosin acid, rosin acid is easy to lose activity at too high temperature. Therefore, the temperature of the welding process should be controlled to ensure that the temperature is about 200 ° C, which is not suitable for too high or too low. At the same time, the quality of thixotropic agent will also lead to the solder paste is easy to dry, the quality of thixotropic agent is not good will affect the viscosity of the solder paste, the viscosity of the solder paste is easy to dry. Therefore, the choice of high-quality solder paste can fundamentally solve the problem that the solder paste is easy to harden.

In addition, the use of solder paste scene, humidity, temperature and other external factors will also affect the solder paste in the use of hard non-melting phenomenon. So these external factors should be paid attention to. I hope these solutions can solve your problems.

How Do You Fix Dry Solder?

Solder paste is one of the very important materials in the electronics industry, and it has an important impact on the production quality of the entire component. Here are some tips that can help to fix the dry solder paste.

1.Add flux

Usually, if the solder paste is too dry, you can try to add some water to the right amount of flux, stir well and add it to the solder paste. This can play a certain role in alleviating drying and improve the fluidity of the solder paste.

2. Take some measurements during management

a. Keep the ambient temperature moderate during storage;

b. Stir well before use;

c. Cover the solder paste in time after welding to avoid exposure to the air.

3. Replace it with new one

If the solder paste becomes too dry, adding flux is difficult to restore its original properties, it is recommended to replace the solder paste to avoid affecting the quality of the components.

Therefore, we need to regularly maintain and manage the solder paste to ensure that its quality meets the standard requirements.

What Does a Dry Solder Look Like?

Recognizing a dry solder joint is crucial for proper diagnosis and repair. Unlike a good solder joint, which is shiny and smooth, a dry joint looks matte and rough. The joint might have visible cracks or look brittle. It might not be fully bonded to the component lead or the PCB pad. Identifying these visual cues can help in quickly addressing the issue.

How Do You Prevent Dry Solder?

Preventing dry solder joints is key to maintaining the reliability of your electronic projects. You can try to use these tips to prevent your solder paste become dry.

Proper heating
Clean surfaces
Use quality solder
Steady hand
Maintain equipment
Fast usage and storage

If you want to know more about solutions of dry solder paste, you can read our another post, How to Solve Dry Solder Paste.

How to Tell If Solder is Bad?

Bad solder can lead to dry joints and other issues. So, how can we identify if my solder paste is bad? May you can follow these points. If everything matches up, there’s no doubt that your solder paste is broken.

Appearance of solder joints

Bad solder joints often appear dull or matte instead of shiny and smooth. They may also show cracks or a brittle texture, indicating poor bonding or excessive heating. These visual signs suggest that the solder did not properly melt or flow.

Solder flow and coverage

If the solder does not adequately cover the component leads or PCB pads, or if it spreads unevenly, it is likely bad. Proper soldering should result in a well-formed, consistent fillet around the leads, ensuring reliable electrical connections.

Difficulty in melting

Solder that requires unusually high temperatures or takes a long time to melt may be old or contaminated. Proper solder should melt easily at the recommended temperature and flow smoothly to create a solid joint.

Contamination indicators

Oxidized or tarnished solder indicates contamination and can affect its performance. Excessive residue or debris also points to poor quality, affecting how well the solder adheres and flows.

Best Technology is a one-stop PCB manufacture and PCBA service provider, our SMT factory is equipped with more than 6 assembly lines. Meanwhile, we have automatic SPI machine and solder paste printing machine, with good management system, we can ensure the good quality of solder paste. In addition, there are many advanced equipment in our workshop, including online dual AOI, X-ray, Nitrogen reflow oven, dry-ice cleaning machine, and so on.

Trust us, we are the one of most reliable PCBA manufacturer in China and Vietnam. Contact us for more.

What is a zero PCB?

Zero PCBs are particularly helpful in testing circuit designs for any shortcomings. They provide a cost-efficient way to evaluate the circuitry before committing to a final solution. The term ‘zero’ in this context signifies a fundamental distinction. It implies that there are no predefined connections, layouts, or functions on the PCB.

Generally, there is no solder mask and silkscreen on the zero board. The primary purpose of a zero PCB is to offer a blank canvas for users to create and test custom circuits. As a result, they are intentionally kept simple in structure to allow for maximum customization. Users are free to design and solder their circuits and components directly onto the board without the constraints of a predefined layout or solder mask.

What is the use of a zero board?

Zero boards serve a variety of purposes in the electronics industry. They are particularly useful for prototyping and testing new circuit designs. Here are some common uses:

Prototyping
Educational purposes
Quick fixes
Small-scale production

Zero PCBs have a layer of copper traces or pads on the substrate. These copper elements provide the conductive pathways for soldering electronic components and forming connections. However, the copper traces on zero PCBs are usually unconnected, meaning there is no predefined circuit layout. You can build a circuit on them by inserting components into the holes and then connecting them with wires.

What is the cost of a zero PCB board?

The cost of zero PCB boards varies based on size, material, and supplier. Generally, they are quite cost-effective, so that both professional engineers and hobbyists can afford it. Prices can range from a few cents for small boards to several dollars for larger or more specialized versions. Bulk purchasing often reduces the cost per unit. Additionally, different materials, such as fiberglass or phenolic, can affect the price.

What size is a zero PCB board?

Zero PCB boards come in various sizes to accommodate different project needs. Common sizes include:

Small: Typically around 5×7 cm, ideal for simple projects.
Medium: Sizes like 10×15 cm offer more space for complex circuits.
Large: Boards as large as 30×30 cm are available for extensive projects.

The grid pattern usually remains consistent, with a standard pitch of 2.54 mm (0.1 inches) between holes, regardless of the board’s overall size.

What is a bare board?

A bare board, also known as a blank PCB, is a printed circuit board that has not yet been populated with any electronic components. It is essentially the foundation of a PCB, consisting only of the substrate material (such as fiberglass) and the copper traces that form the circuit pathways. A bare board typically include base core, prepreg and copper trace layer.

Features of a bare board

Substrate material

The base material of a bare board is usually fiberglass, FR4, or other insulating materials that provide mechanical support.

Copper traces

These are the conductive pathways etched onto the substrate. They form the circuit’s electrical connections but are not yet connected to any components.

Pads and holes

Bare boards include pads (flat areas of copper for soldering components) and drilled holes for through-hole components.

Pre-defined layout

The copper traces and pads are arranged according to a specific design, determined during the PCB design process.

No components

A bare board does not have any electronic components soldered onto it yet. It is essentially a “blank slate” ready to be populated.

Coated solder mask and silkscreen

Most bare boards have a solder mask, a protective layer that prevents solder from bridging between conductive areas, and a silkscreen, which provides component labels and other information.

If you are looking for a reliable supplier for your PCB needs, consider companies like Best Technology, who is known for their quality and customer service. Best Technology offers a range of options to support your electronic projects from prototyping to production. Contact us right now to get your quotation.

What is a PCB Board?

A printed circuit board (PCB) is an electronic that uses metal conductors to create electrical connections between components. Generally, a PCB is a flat, laminated composite made of non-conductive substrate materials with conductive pathways etched or printed onto it. These pathways, also known as traces, enable the electronic components mounted on the board to communicate with each other.

PCBs are designed to support and electrically connect various components such as resistors, capacitors, diodes, and integrated circuits. The intricate network of copper tracks forms circuits that dictate the device’s functionality. PCBs can range from simple single-sided boards used in basic electronics to complex multi-layered structures found in advanced applications.

Common PCB Structure

A PCB’s structure is composed of several key layers, each serving a distinct purpose. Here is a detailed breakdown of these layers:

Substrate (Base Material)

The substrate, usually made of fiberglass (FR4), provides the board with its rigidity and thickness. It is the foundational layer upon which all other materials are built.

Copper Layer

This conductive layer is typically made of copper foil. For single-sided PCBs, the copper layer is only on one side of the substrate, whereas double-sided and multi-layer PCBs have copper layers on both sides or between multiple layers of substrate.

Solder Mask

The solder mask is a protective layer applied over the copper traces to prevent oxidation and accidental short-circuiting. It insulates the copper traces and leaves the component pads exposed for soldering. The green color commonly associated with PCBs comes from this layer, though it can also be found in other colors like red, blue, black, and white.

Silkscreen

The silkscreen layer is used to add labels, symbols, logos, and other markings to the PCB. This layer helps in identifying component locations and orientations during assembly and troubleshooting.

Components and Connectors (PCBA)

Components such as resistors, capacitors, diodes, and integrated circuits are soldered onto the PCB. Connectors allow the PCB to interface with other boards, power supplies, and external devices.

How Many Types of PCB?

Single-Sided PCBs

These are the simplest types of PCBs, with copper on only one side of the board. You’ll find them in basic, low-cost electronics like calculators, radios, and power supplies. They’re easy to design and manufacture, which keeps costs down and makes them great for straightforward applications.

Double-Sided PCBs

These boards have copper layers on both sides, allowing for more complex circuits. They’re common in more sophisticated electronics like amplifiers, power monitoring systems, and HVAC systems. With increased circuit density and flexible design options, they can handle more complex tasks.

Multi-Layer PCBs

When you need to pack in a lot of circuits, multi-layer PCBs are the way to go. They consist of three or more layers of copper, separated by insulating layers. You’ll see these in high-tech devices like computers, servers, medical equipment, and aerospace electronics. They offer high circuit density, reduced size and weight, and better signal integrity.

Rigid PCBs

Made from solid, inflexible materials like fiberglass, rigid PCBs keep their shape and provide strong support for components. They’re durable and used in everything from simple toys to complex industrial equipment.

Flexible PCBs

These are made from flexible plastic materials like polyimide, allowing them to bend and flex. Perfect for wearable electronics, flexible displays, and compact devices where space is tight. They’re lightweight, can fit into small, irregular spaces, and can handle being bent repeatedly.

Rigid-Flex PCBs

Combining the best of both rigid and flexible PCBs, these are great for devices that need both stability and flexibility, like smartphones, cameras, and medical devices. They save space, reduce the need for connectors and interconnections, and improve reliability.

High-Frequency PCBs

Designed to operate at frequencies above 1 GHz, these are used in communication systems, microwave technology, and high-speed devices. They provide low signal loss and high performance, making them crucial for advanced communication technologies.

Ceramic PCBs

Using ceramic as the substrate material, these PCBs offer excellent thermal conductivity and stability. They’re perfect for high-power applications and environments with extreme temperatures, like LED lighting, power electronics, and aerospace systems. Ceramic PCBs ensure reliable performance in harsh conditions.

Metal Core PCBs

Featuring a metal core, usually aluminum or copper, these PCBs improve heat dissipation. They’re used in high-power applications where efficient thermal management is crucial, such as LED lighting, power supplies, and automotive electronics.

Special PCBs

Bus Bar PCBs

These integrate bus bars for high-current applications, ensuring efficient power distribution and minimal voltage drop. They’re used in heavy-duty power supplies, electric vehicles, and industrial machinery. Bus bar PCBs provide robust and reliable connections for high-power systems.

Heavy Copper PCBs

With thicker copper layers, typically 3 ounces per square foot or more, these PCBs can handle higher currents and enhance thermal management. They’re used in power distribution, automotive, and industrial applications where durability and performance are critical. Heavy copper PCBs ensure reliable operation under high-stress conditions.

HDI (High-Density Interconnect) PCBs

These feature finer lines and spaces, smaller vias, and higher connection pad density. They’re used in advanced electronics like smartphones, tablets, and medical devices where space and performance are paramount. HDI PCBs enable miniaturization and improved electrical performance.

Extra Thin PCBs

Designed with minimal thickness, these PCBs are perfect for fitting into compact and lightweight devices. You’ll find them in flexible displays, wearables, and miniaturized electronic gadgets. Extra thin PCBs allow for innovative design solutions and space-saving configurations.

RF (Radio Frequency) PCBs

Optimized for high-frequency signals, these are used in communication devices, antennas, and microwave applications. They’re designed to minimize signal loss and interference, ensuring optimal performance in wireless communication systems.

High Tg PCBs

These have a high glass transition temperature, making them suitable for high-temperature environments. Used in automotive, aerospace, and industrial applications, high Tg PCBs maintain structural integrity and performance at elevated temperatures.

Impedance Control PCBs

These are designed to maintain consistent impedance for high-speed signal transmission. They’re used in communication devices, high-speed digital circuits, and advanced computing systems. Impedance control PCBs ensure signal integrity and reduce signal loss and reflection.

Why Are PCB Boards So Expensive?

Material Quality

High-grade materials like FR4 (fiberglass), ceramics, and high-quality copper foil are used to ensure durability and performance. These materials are essential for withstanding environmental stress and ensuring reliable operation, but they are expensive. For example, ceramic substrates can cost up to 10 times more than standard FR4 materials due to their superior thermal conductivity and electrical properties.

Complexity of Design

Multi-layer PCBs and advanced designs such as HDI (High-Density Interconnect) boards require complex manufacturing processes. The process involves precise alignment of layers and sophisticated techniques like laser drilling for micro-vias. The added complexity increases the production costs significantly. For instance, a standard 4-layer PCB might cost $50 per square meter, while a 12-layer HDI PCB could cost over $200 per square meter.

Precision and Technology

Manufacturing high-precision PCBs involves advanced machinery for etching, drilling, and plating. This machinery requires significant investment, and the skilled labor needed to operate it adds to the cost. The precision required in the production process ensures that the PCBs meet exacting standards, crucial for high-performance applications. A single advanced PCB drilling machine can cost upwards of $500,000.

Volume of Production

Smaller production runs generally have higher costs per unit because the setup and tooling expenses are spread over fewer units. For example, a low-volume production run of 10 PCBs might cost $100 per board, whereas a high-volume run of 10,000 boards might reduce the cost to $10 per board due to economies of scale.

Testing and Quality Assurance

Rigorous testing, including electrical, thermal, and functional tests, ensures that the PCBs meet strict performance standards. This testing process is vital to ensure reliability, especially in critical applications like medical devices and aerospace. Quality assurance processes can add 20-30% to the overall production cost, but they are essential for maintaining high standards.

What is the Difference Between PCBA and PCB Board?

The terms PCB and PCBA are often used interchangeably, but they refer to different stages of the board’s life cycle. The PCB is the bare board itself, with no electronic components attached. It consists of a non-conductive substrate, copper traces, solder mask, and silkscreen. A PCB serves as the foundation for assembling electronic components.

On the other hand, a PCBA (Printed Circuit Board Assembly) is a PCB that has undergone the assembly process, where all necessary electronic components like resistors, capacitors, diodes, and integrated circuits are soldered onto the board. Essentially, a PCBA is a functional circuit board ready for use in electronic devices. The transition from a PCB to a PCBA involves component placement, soldering, and quality testing, transforming the bare board into an operational assembly. Below is a typical PCBA product for your reference.

What is PCB Board Common Use?

PCB boards are existing in everywhere what we live, for example, the global smartphone market, which relies heavily on PCBs, was valued at approximately $520 billion in 2020. Here are some common applications that PCB used in:

Automotive Industry

In the automotive sector, PCBs are used in engine control units, infotainment systems, and advanced driver-assistance systems (ADAS). These applications enhance vehicle performance, safety, and connectivity.

Medical Devices

PCBs are integral to medical devices such as diagnostic equipment, patient monitoring systems, and implantable devices. They ensure precise and reliable operation, which is critical for patient safety and effective treatment.

Industrial Applications

PCBs are used in control systems, machinery, and power distribution units in industrial settings. They provide robust and durable solutions capable of withstanding harsh conditions and continuous operation.

Telecommunications

In telecommunications, PCBs are essential in routers, switches, and communication devices, ensuring efficient and reliable data transmission. As the demand for faster and more reliable communication networks grows, so does the need for high-quality PCBs.

Why Are Circuit Boards Green?

The characteristic green color of most PCBs comes from the solder mask, a protective layer applied over the copper traces to prevent oxidation, short-circuiting, and to protect the board during soldering.

The green color is traditional, largely due to historical reasons and practical benefits. Green solder mask provides a good contrast against the white silkscreen and the shiny copper traces, making it easier for technicians to inspect and identify components during assembly and troubleshooting. Additionally, green solder mask was one of the first colors to be developed and standardized in the industry, leading to its widespread adoption. However, PCBs are not limited to green; they can also be found in other colors such as red, blue, black, and white, depending on the specific requirements and aesthetic preferences of the project. The choice of solder mask color does not affect the performance of the PCB, but green remains popular due to its well-established manufacturing process and visual advantages.

How to Get Started with Best Technology?

Here at Best Technology, we are experienced in designing all types of PCBs, including standard rigid PCBs, special PCBs, and irregular PCBs. We can design and develop PCBs according to customer specification and offer suggestions on the right materials for your project.

We provide the full series of PCB manufacturing, from the initial PCB design, PCB layout, to custom PCB fabricate, PCB assembly, box building and so forth. By the way, we have our own factory in Vietnam, that means we can ship out the PCBs directly from Vietnam.

Welcome to contact us when you want to get a quote!

What is a Bill of Materials (BOM)?

A Bill of Materials (BOM) is a detailed list of all the parts, components, and materials needed to manufacture a product. In PCB manufacturing, a BOM outlines every item required to assemble a PCB, including quantities, part numbers, and descriptions. It serves as a guide to ensure that the manufacturing process runs smoothly and that no crucial components are missing.

Types of Bill of Materials

There are several types of BOMs used in different stages of production. Each type serves a specific purpose and provides unique details to streamline processes and ensure accuracy. Here are the primary types of BOMs:

Engineering BOM

This type of BOM is creating during the design phase. It lists all the parts and components designed by the engineering team, including specifications and relationships as intended in the final product. And of course, it mainly used by design engineers to communicate the product structure and details to manufacturing teams.

Manufacturing BOM (Formal)

It is a formal BOM files that used in the assembly phase. Different with engineering BOM, it includes additional details necessary for manufacturing, such as packaging, handling instructions and assembly details. And some special instructions.

Sales BOM

Sales BOM is used by sales teams and includes information relevant to the sales process, such as pricing and availability. It helps in providing accurate quotes, managing customer expectations, and handling sales orders efficiently.

What Should Include in an Effective Bill of Materials?

An effective BOM should be detailed, accurate, and easy to understand. It should include all the details of components and indicated revisions. As a 18 years expertise in PCBA production, we summarized the key elements that should be included in the BOM.

Component details

It should include all the components and their detailed information, such as names, part numbers (PN), and descriptions for each part.

Quantity (QTY)

The exact quantity of each component required for the product. Accurate quantities can prevent shortages and overstocking.

Foot print

It is the package of each component, helping to ensure the correction of part.

Reference Designators

Unique identifiers that match each component to its specific location on the product layout. These are essential for assembly and troubleshooting.

Manufacturer Information

Manufacturer information, including the manufacturer name of components and manufacturer part number. It helps to ensure correct parts are sourced. And convenient for alternative part sourcing if it is shortage.

Supplier information (Optional)

It means the name of the supplier or distributor. The part number used by the supplier, which may differ from the manufacturer’s part number.

Assembly instructions

Any special notes for assembly such as DNF remark, and version control to track revisions should also be included. Additionally, cost information helps in budgeting, and lifecycle status information helps plan for component availability and avoid discontinued parts.

How to Make a PCB Bill of Materials (BOM)?

Creating a PCB BOM is a systematic process that involves compiling all the necessary information about each component required for the assembly of the PCB. Here’s a detailed guide on how to create a PCB BOM:

Open a Blank Spreadsheet

Use software like Microsoft Excel or Google Sheets to start with a blank spreadsheet. They are common to use, offering flexibility and ease of use for creating and managing BOMs.

Define Columns

Set up your spreadsheet with appropriate column headers. Common headers include:

Part Number
Component Name
Quantity
Reference Designator
Manufacturer
Manufacturer Part Number
Supplier
Supplier Part Number
Description
Package Type
Cost
Notes

Input Data

Enter the required details for each component under the appropriate headers. Please be make sure that all information is accurate and complete. This may involve referencing design files, datasheets, and supplier catalogs. If it is incorrect, then it needs a lot of time to find out and revise the errors, resulting in schedule delay.

Use Formulas

Utilize Excel formulas to automate calculations, such as summing total quantities or calculating costs. This helps in reducing manual errors and saves time.

Format for Clarity

Use cell formatting options to highlight important information and ensure the spreadsheet is easy to read. For example, you can use bold text for column headers, color coding for different component types, and borders to separate sections.

Include Version Control

Add a version control section to your BOM to track revisions and updates. This can be a simple row at the top or bottom of the spreadsheet, indicating the version number, date of revision, and a brief description of changes.

How to Make a BOM? — (BOM file reference)

Save and Update

Save your BOM and update it regularly to reflect any changes in the design or component availability. Regular updates ensure that the BOM remains accurate and up-to-date, preventing issues during production.

Review and Verify

Have multiple team members review the BOM for accuracy. Cross-check all component details, quantities, and part numbers against the design files. Verification helps catch errors early and ensures the BOM is reliable.

Communicate with Suppliers:

Maintain open communication with suppliers to confirm component details and availability. This ensures that you can source the correct parts and avoid delays in the production process.

How Can I Optimize My BOM for PCB Assembly?

Sometimes, a simple BOM is not good to process PCB assembly process, and manufacturers may need to spend a lot of time to optimize it, make into convenient for manufacturing. If you are a layman, here are some steps to help you in optimizing your BOM file.

First, it’s a good idea to standardize components where possible. Using standard parts that are readily available from multiple suppliers can simplify procurement and reduce costs. This approach minimizes the risk of shortages and ensures you can get parts quickly and affordably. Also, make sure all entries in your BOM are clear and concise to avoid confusion during assembly. Double-checking part numbers and quantities against design files is crucial to prevent errors that could lead to rework or delays.

Building strong relationships with your suppliers is another key factor. Good communication with suppliers helps ensure reliable component availability and keeps you informed about any changes in lead times or part availability. Regularly updating your BOM to reflect any design changes or component availability issues is essential. Keeping your BOM current and accurate prevents last-minute surprises during assembly.

What Common Mistakes Should I Avoid When Creating a PCB BOM?

Avoiding common mistakes in BOM creation can save time and reduce errors. Here are some pitfalls to watch out for:

Incomplete information – ensure all necessary details are included for each component.
Incorrect quantities – double-check quantities to avoid shortages or excess inventory.
Outdated data – keep the BOM updated with the latest design changes and component information.
Ambiguous descriptions – provide clear and precise descriptions to prevent confusion.
Lack of version information – implement version control to track changes and ensure the correct BOM version is used.

Creating an effective and accurate PCB BOM is essential for smooth manufacturing and assembly. By following best practices and using the right tools, you can ensure your BOM is comprehensive, clear, and up-to-date, ultimately leading to a successful PCB production process.

Best Technology is an expert in SMT and PCB assembly, we have more than 18 years in this industry, that can offer you a best experience of PCBA solution. In our facotry, we have advanced equipment like full auto pick and place machine, online dual AOI, X-ray, 3D SPI, nitride reflow oven and three-proof paint machine. So that we can ensure the fast lead time and high quality of your PCBA products. Reach us to get a instant quote!

What Does Tg Mean in PCB Manufacturing?

Tg stands for glass transition temperature. It refers to the temperature at which a polymer material, such as the resin in a PCB substrate, transitions from a hard, glassy state to a softer, rubbery state.

For the circuit board, the ‌Tg value reflects the highest temperature it can withstand. When the temperature exceeds Tg values, ‌ the molecular structure of the circuit board material will be changed, ‌ lead to changes in its physical properties. Such as mechanical strength, size stability, adhesive, water imbibition, thermal expansion, etc. ‌Therefore, the level of TG value of the PCB directly affects the stability and high temperature resistance of the circuit board.

What is Tg meaning in FR4 PCB? - Best Technology

In the high temperature environment, if the TG value of the circuit board is too low, it is easy to cause PCB deformation, fracture, cracking and other problems, affecting the reliability and life of the printed circuit board. If the TG value of the circuit board is too high, the PCB is easy to become hard and brittle, affecting the processability and flexibility of the circuit board.

How is Tg Measured in FR4 Materials?

Accurate measurement of Tg is crucial for ensuring the performance and reliability of FR4 PCBs. Knowing the exact Tg helps in selecting the appropriate material for specific applications, particularly those involving high temperatures and thermal cycling. Using materials with a Tg well above the operating temperature ensures the PCB will maintain its mechanical and electrical properties under expected conditions.

The primary method for measuring Tg in FR4 materials is by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). It involves heating a small sample of the material at a controlled rate, typically between 10°C to 20°C/min. As the sample heats, the DSC measures the heat flow into the material and records it as a thermogram. The Tg is identified as the temperature where there is a noticeable change in heat capacity, appearing as a step or inflection point on the thermogram. DSC is widely used because it provides precise and reliable Tg measurements.

Additionally, Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA) and Thermomechanical Analysis (TMA) also can be used to measure the Tg value.

Why is Glass Transition Temperature Critical in PCBs?

Glass transition temperature is critical because it affects the thermal and mechanical properties of the PCB. If a PCB operates near or above its Tg, it can experience issues like delamination, warping, and electrical failure. Here are some benefits of Tg.

Thermal stability

One of the main reasons is its role in determining thermal stability. During operation, PCBs are subjected to varying temperatures due to power dissipation from electronic components and environmental conditions. Make sure the Tg of the PCB material is well above the maximum operating temperature, it helps maintain mechanical stability and reliable performance under thermal stress.

Mechanical Strength

The Tg value also affects the mechanical strength and durability of the PCB. Below the Tg, the material is rigid and can withstand mechanical stress without significant deformation. This rigidity is essential for maintaining the structural integrity of the PCB, especially during assembly processes like soldering, where the board is subjected to mechanical and thermal stresses.

Thermal Management

Thermal management is very important to electronics, especially for those miniaturized electronic devices. If the PCB itself has good thermal management, then designers no need to install heatsink or coolers. Materials with higher Tg values exhibit lower coefficients of thermal expansion (CTE), meaning less expansion and contraction with temperature changes.

Application-specific requirements

Different applications have varying thermal and mechanical requirements. High-performance computing, automotive, aerospace, and industrial electronics often operate in environments with high temperatures and thermal cycling. For these applications, using PCB materials with appropriate Tg values is crucial.

What is the Typical Tg Value for Standard FR4 PCBs?

Standard FR4 materials generally have Tg values in the range of 130°C to 140°C. For high-performance applications, materials with higher Tg values are necessary. The table below lists some common high Tg materials used in PCB manufacturing, along with their Tg values and characteristics.

Material	Tg Value (°C)	Characteristics	Applications
ISOLA IS410	180	Excellent thermal and mechanical properties	High-reliability applications
Nanya NP-175	175	High thermal stability, good mechanical strength	Automotive, industrial electronics
Shengyi S1000H	170	Cost-effective, widely used	Consumer electronics, industrial applications
Ventec VT-47	170	High Tg and low CTE	High-density interconnect (HDI) PCBs
Rogers 4350B	280	Extremely high Tg, excellent thermal stability	RF and microwave applications

(Common used high Tg materials)

Can You Explain the Difference Between Tg and Td in PCBs?

Tg and Td (decomposition temperature) are two different thermal properties. Unlike the reversible physical change associated with Tg, decomposition is an irreversible chemical process. At Td, the polymer chains in the material break down, leading to a loss of structural integrity and release of volatile compounds. Key points about Td include:

1. Chemical Stability

Td represents the upper thermal limit of a material’s chemical stability. Exceeding Td results in the breakdown of the polymer structure, rendering the material unsuitable for further use.

2. Material Selection

Knowing the Td helps in selecting materials for high-temperature applications. A material’s Td should be well above the maximum operating temperature to prevent degradation.

3. Safety and Reliability

Operating a PCB above its Td can result in catastrophic failure, including charring, delamination, and loss of electrical performance. The operating temperature remains below Td is critical for safety and reliability.

How Do You Choose the Right Tg Value for Your PCB Design?

Choosing the right Tg value depends on the operating environment and thermal demands of your application. Consider factors such as the maximum operating temperature, the thermal cycling the PCB will undergo, and the mechanical stresses it will face. Consulting with material suppliers and using simulation tools can help make an informed decision. According to our 18 years experience in PCB, we summarized a recommend Tg value for each application. Hope this is useful for you guys.

Consumer electronics

If your PCB will be used in standard consumer electronics, just like smartphones and tablets, a Tg value of around 130°C to 140°C is typically sufficient. These devices generally do not encounter extreme temperatures or thermal cycling.

Automotive applications

Automotive PCBs are always exposed to high temperatures and significant thermal cycling. A Tg value of 170°C or higher is recommended to ensure reliability and performance under the hood. So, Rogers material is good for this kind of PCB.

Aerospace and defense

Applications in aerospace and defense require materials that can withstand extreme temperatures and harsh environments. High Tg materials with values of 180°C or more are often used to meet these stringent requirements.

Industrial Electronics

Industrial environments can vary widely, but generally, high Tg materials are preferred due to the exposure to high temperatures and mechanical stress. A Tg value of at least 150°C to 170°C is advisable.

Best Technology is a well-known PCB and PCBA assembly provider in Asia and Vietnam. We have a large facility for handling low-medium to mass production PCBs, and supporting for various kinds of custom PCBs. Some special PCBs are available here, like bus bar PCB for new energy vehicles, heavy copper PCB for high power and high current PCBs, ceramic PCBs for harsh environments, extra thin PCB, RF PCB, microwaves PCB, IC substrate PCB and so on.

For more information, please do not hesitate to contact us.

Archive for the ‘PCB Technology’ Category

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What is Also Called an Audio Board?

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Best Technology – A 18+ Years Experience PCB Manufacturer

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What is a printed circuit board?

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What is Meant by Dry Soldering?

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What is a zero PCB?

What is the use of a zero board?

What is the cost of a zero PCB board?

What size is a zero PCB board?

What is a bare board?

Features of a bare board

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What is a PCB Board?

Common PCB Structure

How Many Types of PCB?

Special PCBs

Why Are PCB Boards So Expensive?

What is the Difference Between PCBA and PCB Board?

What is PCB Board Common Use?

Why Are Circuit Boards Green?

How to Get Started with Best Technology?

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What is a Bill of Materials (BOM)?

Types of Bill of Materials

What Should Include in an Effective Bill of Materials?

How to Make a PCB Bill of Materials (BOM)?

How Can I Optimize My BOM for PCB Assembly?

What Common Mistakes Should I Avoid When Creating a PCB BOM?

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What Does Tg Mean in PCB Manufacturing?

How is Tg Measured in FR4 Materials?

Why is Glass Transition Temperature Critical in PCBs?

What is the Typical Tg Value for Standard FR4 PCBs?

Can You Explain the Difference Between Tg and Td in PCBs?

How Do You Choose the Right Tg Value for Your PCB Design?

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