pcb
Home > Blog

PCB Manufacturer, PCB Board Manufacturing Machine  

April 1st, 2025

A PCB board manufacturing machine plays a key role in producing high-quality circuit boards. Whether for mass production or prototyping, choosing the proper machine ensures efficiency and precision. The proper equipment speeds up production, reduces errors, and improves overall quality. Understanding the manufacturing process and selecting the proper machines can save costs and boost performance. Let’s explore everything you need to know about PCB manufacturing machines.

Best Technology is a leading PCB manufacturer in China. We are not a trading company; we are a direct factory manufacturing PCBs. Our SMT factory has 2 YAMAHA and 2 JUKI production lines. The equipment is imported from Japan. Our advanced PCB Board Manufacturing Machine allows Best Technology to shorten the delivery time to 2-3 weeks without compromising product quality. If you have any inquiries about the PCB, you are warmly welcome to reach out to us via sales@bestpcbs.com. We will get back to you within 12 hours.

PCB Manufacturer, PCB Board Manufacturing Machine

What Machines Are Used in PCB Manufacturing?

PCB manufacturing involves several machines, each designed for a specific task. Here are the most important ones:

  • Drilling Machines: These create precise holes for component leads and vias, ensuring proper connections between PCB layers.
  • Etching Machines: They remove excess copper to define the circuit pathways, ensuring clear and accurate traces.
  • Lamination Machines: These bond multiple PCB layers together, essential for multilayer boards.
  • Solder Mask Printers: These apply a protective layer to the PCB, preventing oxidation and short circuits.
  • Pick and Place Machines: These position surface-mount components with speed and accuracy.
  • Reflow Ovens: They heat solder paste to secure components, ensuring strong electrical connections.
  • AOI (Automated Optical Inspection) Machines: These scan PCBs for defects, reducing errors before final assembly.
  • Testing Equipment: Essential for verifying functionality, including electrical testing and X-ray inspection for complex designs.

What Is a PCB Prototyping Machine?

A PCB prototyping machine allows engineers to create test boards quickly before moving to full production. These machines help in reducing development time and costs by allowing in-house prototype fabrication. Some popular types include:

  • CNC Milling Machines: These carve circuit paths onto a copper-clad board, eliminating the need for etching chemicals.
  • Laser Etching Machines: They use high-precision lasers to create PCB patterns.
  • Desktop PCB Printers: These print conductive traces on flexible substrates for rapid testing.

Prototyping machines are great for small-batch production, enabling quick iterations in the design process.

What Machine Prints PCBs?

A PCB printing machine creates circuit patterns on PCB material. These machines use different technologies, including:

  • Inkjet PCB Printers: These print conductive ink directly onto the PCB surface, ideal for flexible circuits.
  • Screen Printing Machines: These apply solder paste and component markings onto the board.
  • Laser Direct Imaging (LDI) Machines: These use laser beams to transfer the circuit design onto the board, ensuring high precision.
  • 3D PCB Printers: These advanced machines can print multilayer circuits directly onto substrates.

The choice depends on production needs, with high-end machines offering better precision and speed.

What Is the Difference Between PCB Assembly and PCB Manufacturing?

Many people confuse PCB manufacturing with PCB assembly. However, they are different processes:

  • PCB Manufacturing: This involves creating the bare board, including drilling, etching, laminating, and applying solder masks.
  • PCB Assembly: This involves placing and soldering components onto the board, using SMT machines for PCB assembly or through-hole soldering.

Both processes are crucial for building functional circuit boards, but assembly requires additional equipment like reflow ovens and wave soldering machines.

PCB Manufacturer

How Do You Manufacture a PCB Board?

The PCB board manufacturing process follows these steps:

  • Design & Layout: Engineers design the PCB using software like Altium or Eagle.
  • Printing & Etching: The circuit pattern is transferred onto the copper-clad board and unwanted copper is removed.
  • Drilling & Plating: Holes are drilled for components, followed by electroplating to ensure conductivity.
  • Lamination: Multiple layers are bonded together for multilayer boards.
  • Solder Mask Application: A protective layer is applied to prevent short circuits and oxidation.
  • Silkscreen Printing: Labels and component markings are printed for easy identification.
  • Cutting & Testing: Boards are cut to the required size and undergo electrical testing to ensure functionality.

This process ensures that PCBs meet industry standards and function as expected in electronic devices.

How Are PCB Boards Printed?

PCB printing involves several methods, including:

  • Photolithography: UV light transfers circuit patterns onto a copper layer for high precision.
  • Screen Printing: Used for applying solder paste and component labels.
  • Inkjet Printing: Prints conductive traces on PCBs, suitable for flexible electronics.
  • Laser Imaging: Creates fine-pitch circuits with excellent accuracy.

Advanced printing techniques ensure precision, especially for high-density PCBs.

How Much Does It Cost to Manufacture a Custom PCB?

The PCB board manufacturing machine cost depends on its type and capabilities. Here’s a rough breakdown:

The advanced equipment will help to save the manual process and help to save the cost. The equipment like small PCB board manufacturing machines, industrial PCB manufacturing machines, PCB prototyping machines, SMT machines for PCB assembly. Other cost factors include:

  • PCB complexity: More layers and finer traces increase production costs.
  • Material choice: High-frequency boards cost more than standard FR4 boards.
  • Order quantity: Bulk orders reduce per-unit costs significantly.

Understanding these costs helps businesses make informed investment decisions.

How to Choose a PCB Manufacturer?

Selecting the right PCB board manufacturing machine companies is key to quality production. Consider these factors:

  • Industry Experience: Choose a manufacturer with a strong track record.
  • Equipment & Technology: Advanced printed circuit board manufacturing equipment ensures higher precision.
  • Customization Options: Ensure the manufacturer supports specialized designs.
  • Certifications & Quality Standards: Compliance with ISO and IPC standards guarantees reliable products.
  • Turnaround Time: Faster production times improve time-to-market for new designs.
  • Customer Support: Responsive service helps with troubleshooting and order management.

A good manufacturer provides not only high-quality PCBs but also technical support and flexible solutions.

PCB Board Manufacturing Machine

In conclusion, understanding PCB board manufacturing machine help businesses choose the right equipment for their production needs. From small prototyping machines to large-scale SMT assembly lines, every machine plays a vital role in ensuring efficiency and quality. Investing in the right equipment reduces errors, speeds up production, and ensures consistent results. If you’re looking for a reliable PCB supplier, Best Technology offers cutting-edge PCB solutions backed by 18 years of expertise. Get in touch with us via sales@bestpcbs.com to get the proper solution for your PCB manufacturing needs!

LED Strip PCB Board Design, Prototype& LED PCB Manufacturer

March 31st, 2025

How to design a cost-effective LED strip PCB board? What mass production problems can be avoided through prototyping? How do manufacturers balance cost and quality control? This article will explores the fundamentals of LED strip PCB board, their types, cost-saving design strategies, prototyping processes, and tips for selecting a reliable LED strip PCB board manufacturer.

At Best Technology, we focus on LED strip PCB board designing, prototyping and manufacturing over 18 years. The team of senior engineers provides free design support and solution optimization online 24 hours a day to ensure accurate and reliable circuit layout. The company’s original expedited proofing system can achieve 24-hour rapid delivery, relying on DMF data analysis and engineers’ manual pre-examination of drawings to ensure the first-time success of the first version. The production end is equipped with industrial-grade automated production lines, which increase the abnormal response speed by 40%, and urgent large-volume orders can be delivered within two weeks, fully meeting the rapid development and stable mass production needs of high-difficulty LED strip PCB products. Please feel free to contact us sales@bestpcbs.com

What Is LED Strip PCB Board?

A LED Strip PCB board combines printed circuit board (PCB) technology with light-emitting diodes (LEDs) to create flexible or rigid lighting solutions. The PCB serves as the backbone, providing electrical connectivity and structural support. LED strips with PCB boards are widely used due to their compact design, high durability, and adaptability to curved surfaces. Black PCB LED strips, for instance, use dark substrates to minimize light reflection and enhance contrast in display applications.

What Is LED Strip PCB Board?

What Advantages of LED Strip PCB Board?

Here are advantages of LED strip PCB board:

  • Flexible design for easy installation at various angles
  • Displays 1600+ colors with dynamic lighting effects
  • Superior heat dissipation, lifespan exceeding 50,000 hours
  • Eco-friendly materials, 12V low-voltage safety certified
  • Shock-resistant for indoor/outdoor durability
  • Precision machine soldering ensures consistent quality
  • Customizable RGB lighting systems
  • Moisture/static-proof (suitable for bathrooms/outdoors)
What Advantages of LED Strip PCB Board?

How to Choose Professional LED Stripe PCB Board Design Service?

Selecting a professional LED strip PCB board design service ensures optimal performance and cost efficiency. Important factors include:

  • ‌Technical expertise in LED stripe PCB design:‌ Look for teams proficient in thermal management, circuitry layout, and material selection.
  • ‌Customization capabilities‌: Providers should tailor designs to voltage, brightness, and form factor requirements.
  • ‌Prototyping Support â€ŒServices: Offering LED stripe PCB design help validate designs before mass production.
  • ‌Cost Transparency‌: Clear pricing models prevent budget overruns.

‌How to Design LED Strip Flexible PCB to Reduce Production Cost?

LED strip flexible PCB design minimizes costs without compromising quality. Strategies include:

  • ‌Simplifying circuitry‌: Reduce complex traces to lower material waste.
  • ‌Using standardized components‌:Off-the-shelf LEDs and resistors cut procurement costs.
  • ‌Optimizing panel utilization‌:Arrange multiple PCBs on a single panel to reduce fabrication expenses.
  • ‌Selecting cost-effective materials‌:Flexible PCBs with polyimide substrates balance durability and affordability.

What Is Prototyping Process of LED Strip Flexible PCB Board?

Here’s a simplified overview of the LED strip flexible PCB prototyping process, focusing on sampling and production steps:

1.Circuit Design & Layout

  • Circuit Design‌: Create schematics for LED placement, driver integration, and power distribution.
  • Layout‌: Plan bendable PCB dimensions, cut points, and connector placements.

2.Material Selection‌

  • Base Material‌: Flexible polyimide substrate (heat-resistant, bendable).
  • Conductive Layer‌: Thin copper foil for circuitry.
  • Encapsulation‌: Silicone or TPU for protection.

3.Conductive Layer Processing‌

  • Laser Cutting‌: Precision-etch copper traces to form circuits.
  • Plating‌: Apply anti-oxidation coatings (e.g., nickel/gold) on copper.

4.Component Assembly‌

  • SMT (Surface Mount Technology)‌: Machine-mount LEDs, resistors, and drivers onto the PCB.
  • COB (Chip-on-Board)‌: Directly bond LED chips to the PCB for high-density strips.
  • Soldering‌: Use reflow ovens for secure electrical connections.

5.Encapsulation‌

  • Coating‌: Apply silicone or TPU evenly over the PCB to waterproof and diffuse light.
  • Curing‌: Harden the coating under UV light or heat.
  • Heat Sinks‌: Attach aluminum strips to high-power LED sections for cooling.

6.Prototype Testing & Final Sampling‌‌

  • Electrical Tests‌: Verify voltage stability, current flow, and color consistency.
  • Flex Test‌: Bend the strip repeatedly to check for circuit integrity.
  • Environmental Tests‌: Expose to humidity, heat, and cold to validate durability.
  • Adjustments‌: Optimize trace thickness, LED spacing, or heat dissipation based on test results.
  • Final Sampling‌: Produce revised prototypes for client approval before mass production.

Why Do We Need to Make A LED Strip PCB Prototype Before Mass Production?

Making a LED Strip PCB prototype before mass production can identify design flaws early, preventing costly revisions before formal production. Benefits include:

  • ‌Risk mitigation‌ Fix issues like overheating or poor solder joints before scaling up.
  • ‌Performance verification‌ Ensure the strip meets brightness, color, and lifespan standards.
  • ‌Client approval‌ Prototypes help clients visualize the final product and request adjustments.
Why Do We Need to Make A LED Strip PCB Prototype Before Mass Production?

How to Find A Reliable LED Strip PCB Board Manufacturer?

To Find a Reliable LED Strip PCB Manufacturer:

  • Verify Material Quality‌: Ensure the manufacturer uses heat-resistant polyimide substrates and rolled copper for flexibility and durability.
  • Check Technical Capabilities‌: Look for expertise in laser etching, SMT assembly, and waterproof encapsulation (e.g., silicone/TPU coatings).
  • Review Certifications‌: Confirm compliance with ISO, UL, or RoHS standards for safety and environmental practices.
  • Request Prototypes‌: Test samples for bend durability, color consistency, and thermal performance.
  • Evaluate Customization‌: Prioritize manufacturers offering tailored designs (length, density, connectors) and low MOQ options.
  • Assess Production Capacity‌: Confirm ability to scale from prototyping to bulk orders without quality loss.
  • Read Client Feedback‌: Check reviews for on-time delivery, post-sales support, and defect resolution.
How to Find A Reliable LED Strip PCB Board Manufacturer?

Best Technology can meet all above requirements. If you’re interested in our LED strip PCB board design, prototyping and manufacturing service, welcome to leave a message below this blog.

How to Keep Costs Low and Quality High in LED Strip PCB Board Manufacturing?

Here are some tips for how to keep costs low and quality in LED strip PCB board manufacturing:

  • Simplify Design‌: Minimize layers, use standard specs.
  • ‌Material Selection‌: Thin polyimide (0.1-0.2mm), pre-bonded copper.
  • ‌Automate Production:‌ SMT assembly, laser cutting.
  • ‌Efficient Testing‌: Automated electrical checks, durability tests.
  • ‌Bulk Buy Materials‌: Negotiate volume discounts.
  • ‌Test Prototypes‌: Refine design before mass production.

In conclusion, that’s all about LED strip PCB Board design, prototyping and how to select a reliable LED strip PCB manufacturer. If you have any other issues about LED strip PCB board need our help, please feel free to contact us.( The email is at the beginning of this blog)

Best PCB Manufacturers, Top PCB Manufacturers In World

March 31st, 2025

Best PCB manufacturers provide high-quality circuit boards for industries like telecommunications, automotive, and medical devices. Choosing the proper manufacturer is key to getting reliable boards that meet your needs. With so many options available, it’s important to understand what makes a PCB manufacturer stand out. Let’s explore the leading manufacturers, the best PCB board types, and other essential details.

Best Technology specializes in manufacturing and selling various types of printed circuit boards and assemblies. BEST is our brand name, and we have our factory. Directly controlling the quality and the delivery time is our competitive edge. The pursuit of quality and innovation is the driving force of Best Technology. We can provide more fast delivery time service to customers and be one of the best manufacturers of PCB in China. If you have any demand about PCB, feel free to send your request to sales@bestpcbs.com, and the sales engineering team will reply to you within 12 hours.

Best PCB Manufacturers, Top PCB Manufacturers In World

Who is the best manufacturer of PCB in China?

China has become a global leader in PCB manufacturing, offering high-quality boards at competitive prices. Best Technology is one of the best manufacturers of PCBs in China. With more than 18 years of experience, Best Technology specializes in multiple types of PCBs, including ceramic and metal core types. Our focus on quality and advanced technology makes us a reliable choice for demanding applications, such as consumer electronics, medical devices, and industrial applications.

Our factory is in Shenzhen City, China, our extensive production capabilities serve industries worldwide. Currently, our mouthy capability is 260,000 square feet (28,900 square meters), and more than 1,000 different boards will be completed.

Best Technology offers innovative designs that meet modern electronic demands. With a strong R&D team and engineers with more than 10 years of experience, and excellent management personnel, Best Technology is able to reply to customers within 12 hours wherever you are on Earth and ship out goods always on time. If you need any special PCB, just don’t hesitate to let us know, all our PCB products can be customized. Our R&D team will provide a corresponding PCB design, and PCB prototype according to your requirements.

Best Technology believes customer first, and face second. The percentage of on-time delivery is get to 97%. Best Technology has a strong reputation for producing high-quality PCBs and offering excellent customer service. We appreciate all support from our customers and never quarrel with our customers, but always try to understand them deeply. Therefore, if you have any needs, just feel free to let us know.

What is the best PCB board?

The best PCB board depends on the application. Different industries require specific types of PCBs to meet performance standards. Here are some of the most commonly used PCBs:

  • FR4 PCB – Made from fiberglass and epoxy resin, this is the most widely used PCB for consumer electronics. It offers good electrical insulation and mechanical strength.
  • Metal Core PCB – Often used in LED lighting and power electronics, these PCBs provide excellent heat dissipation, making them ideal for high-power applications.
  • Ceramic PCB – Known for its high thermal conductivity and low dielectric loss, ceramic PCBs are used in aerospace, military, and medical devices.
Best PCB Manufacturers
  • Rigid-Flex PCB – A combination of rigid and flexible PCBs, commonly found in compact electronic devices like smartphones and wearable technology.
  • HDI PCB – High-Density Interconnect PCBs allow for more components in a smaller space, making them essential for modern, high-performance electronics.

Selecting the proper PCB type ensures better performance and durability for specific applications.

What is the most expensive PCB board?

PCBs with complex designs and advanced materials tend to be the most expensive. Some of the costliest types include:

  • High-Layer-Count PCBs – These boards have multiple layers, making them expensive due to their intricate manufacturing process.
  • HDI PCBs – These high-density interconnect boards require fine lines, microvias, and precise manufacturing, increasing production costs.
  • Ceramic PCBs – Due to their high thermal and electrical performance, ceramic PCBs are among the most expensive. They are commonly used in aerospace, military, and advanced medical applications.

The cost of a PCB depends on material selection, layer count, and design complexity.

Which color PCB is best?

PCB color does not affect functionality, but it can impact visual inspection and aesthetics. Here are the most common PCB colors:

  • Green – The most widely used color, offering good contrast for inspections.
Top PCB Manufacturers In World
  • Blue – Commonly used in high-end applications; it provides a modern look.
  • Black – Looks premium but can absorb more heat, which may impact thermal performance.
  • Red – Often chosen for branding purposes.
  • White – Frequently used in LED applications to reflect light effectively.

Choosing a PCB color is mainly about aesthetics and ease of inspection.

What is the cheapest PCB finish?

The surface finish of a PCB protects the copper traces from oxidation. The most affordable option is HASL (Hot Air Solder Leveling). It provides good solderability and is widely used in consumer electronics. However, for finer pitch components, ENIG (Electroless Nickel Immersion Gold) is a better option, though it comes at a higher cost.

How long does a PCB board last?

The lifespan of a PCB depends on material quality, environmental factors, and usage conditions. On average, a well-manufactured PCB can last more than 10 years. Factors that affect longevity include:

  • Material Quality – High-quality laminates and finishes improve durability.
  • Operating Conditions – Exposure to high temperatures and humidity can degrade PCBs over time.
  • Manufacturing Process – Precision in manufacturing ensures longer-lasting boards.

Regular maintenance and proper usage help extend the lifespan of a PCB.

Who is the largest PCB manufacturer in the world?

Several companies dominate the global PCB industry. The largest PCB manufacturers include:

  • Best Technology (China)– provides one-stop service from designing, DFM, and fabrication of all types of printed circuit boards to components purchasing, PCBA (printed circuit board assembly), and box assembly. Offers 2-3 weeks delivery time without compromising the quality.
Best PCB Manufacturers
  • Zhen Ding Technology (Taiwan, China) – Supplies high-end PCBs for major tech brands.
  • TTM Technologies (USA) – Offers aerospace and military-grade PCBs.
  • Samsung Electro-Mechanics (South Korea) – Focuses on smartphone and display PCBs.
  • Nippon Mektron (Japan) – Leads in flexible PCB production.

These companies are known for innovation, quality, and large-scale production capabilities. As one of the top PCB manufacturers in world, Best Technology’s goal is to provide customers defect defect-free products fully consistent with their requirements to ensure each part presented to customers has top excellent quality. Warm welcome to contact us to cooperate for low-volume or large-volume PCB projects.

How to choose a PCB manufacturer?

Selecting the proper PCB manufacturer is crucial for ensuring high-quality boards. Here are some key factors to consider:

  • Manufacturing Capabilities – Check if they can produce multilayer, HDI, or flexible PCBs.
  • Quality Standards – Ensure they follow IPC standards and have certifications like ISO 9001.
  • Lead Time – Choose a manufacturer with fast turnaround times.
  • Material Quality – High-quality materials improve durability and performance.
  • Customer Support – Reliable manufacturers provide excellent technical support.
  • Pricing – Compare prices but avoid sacrificing quality for cost.

By evaluating these aspects, you can find the best PCB manufacturer for your needs.

In conclusion, finding the best PCB manufacturers ensures you get high-quality boards for your applications. Top manufacturers in China and worldwide offer advanced technology and reliable service. Whether you need rigid, flexible, metal core, or ceramic PCBs, choosing the proper supplier makes a big difference. If you need high-performance PCBs, Best Technology can provide top-quality solutions with excellent support. Just feel free to reach out to us at sales@bestpcbs.com for more information.

LED Tube Light PCB, LED Tube Light PCB Board Assembly

March 31st, 2025

Are you find durable LED tube light PCB solutions? How do you choose a reliable LED Tube light assembly partner? This blog breaks down the essentials: materials, assembly processes, cost factors, and how to identify manufacturers that deliver precision, durability, and value.

Best Technology, we specialize in LED tube light PCB manufacturing and assembly over 18 years. We can achieve LED tube light PCB fast assembly (48-72hours delivery) by our own electronics supply chains, such as T8/T5 LED tube PCB. And we have four high precision SMT full-automatic production lines to ensure uniform distribution of the light beads and consistency in luminous efficiency. Then all the LED tube light PCB we produced and assembled will be full tested and inspected before and after assembly in order to reduce reworking cost. If you have any request for LED tube light PCB, please feel free to contact us sales@bestpcbs.com

What Is LED Tube Light PCB?‌

An LED tube light PCB is a printed circuit board designed to power and control LEDs in tubular fixtures. It acts as the electrical foundation, connecting components like LEDs, resistors, and drivers while managing heat and ensuring stable performance.

What Is LED Tube Light PCB?‌

‌What Are the Advantages of LED Tube Light?

Here are advantages of LED tube light PCB board:

  • Energy Efficiency‌ – Minimizes power loss through optimized circuit design.
  • ‌Heat Resistance‌ – Built-in thermal management extends LED lifespan.
  • ‌Customization‌ – Supports dimming, smart controls, and varied lumen outputs.
  • ‌Cost Savings‌ – Reduces long-term maintenance and replacement expenses.
What Are the Advantages of LED Tube Light?

‌‌Which Materials Make LED Tube Light PCBs Durable?‌

Main materials include:

  • Aluminum cores‌ for heat dissipation.
  • ‌FR-4 fiberglass‌ for electrical insulation.
  • ‌High-purity copper‌ for efficient current flow.
  • ‌Ceramic coatings‌ to resist moisture and corrosion.
‌‌Which Materials Make LED Tube Light PCBs Durable?‌

‌What Is LED Tube Light PCB Assembly?‌

LED tube light PCB assembly involves mounting components onto the board through automated and manual processes. Precision here ensures functionality, safety, and compliance with lighting standards.

‌What Is LED Tube Light PCB Assembly?‌

‌What Are Assembly Processes of LED Tube Light PCB Board?

Here is a guide of LED tube light assembly processes:‌

1. Component Pre-check

  • Check PCB, LEDs, and heat sinks for damage/oxidation
  • Test circuits with multimeter; confirm LED specs
  • Use anti-static mats and wristbands; workspace humidity 40-60%

2. Solder & Placement

  • Print solder paste (0.1-0.15mm stencil, 5-8kg pressure)
  • Place components via SMT (±0.03mm accuracy, 20-50g force)
  • Ensure LED polarity alignment (max offset: 25% pad width)

3. Reflow Process‌

  • Preheat: 2-3°C/s → Soak: 150-170°C/60s → Peak: 245±5°C → Cool: <4°C/s
  • Verify smooth crescent-shaped solder joints

4. Power Setup

  • Inductive drivers: Remove starter, wire L/N directly
  • Electronic drivers: Add rectifier-filter module
  • Use ≄0.75mmÂČ cables; seal ports with PTFE tape + 24h-cure sealant

5. Final Assembly&Testing‌

  • Secure screws diagonally (0.6-0.8N·m torque)
  • Install lenses (<0.2mm error, >92% transmittance)
  • Voltage test: ±10% input → <5% brightness change
  • Start time: <0.5s; Power factor: >0.9
  • Stress tests: 85°C/1,000h (<5% light loss), 100 humidity cycles

6. Packaging‌

  • Clean to Class 8 standards
  • Packaging survives 200kg/24h compression
  • Batch-tested per IEC62471

‌‌How to Solve Common LED Tube Light PCB Assembled Problems?‌

  • Poor Soldering‌- Use reflow soldering with precise temperature control and inspect joints via AOI.
  • LED Misalignment-‌Calibrate pick-and-place machines and perform manual alignment checks.
  • Component Damage-‌Use ESD-safe tools, control humidity, and avoid excessive reflow cycles.
  • Thermal Overheating-‌Use aluminum-core PCBs, add thermal vias, and ensure proper housing adhesion.
  • Reverse Polarity-‌Mark polarity clearly on the PCB and test during in-circuit testing.

‌How to Choose a Reliable LED Tube Light PCB Board Assembly Manufacturer?

  • Technical Expertise & Certifications:‌ Prioritize manufacturers with precision SMT assembly (e.g., ±0.01mm accuracy), automated soldering, and certifications like ISO 9001/IPC-A-610.
  • ‌Quality Control & Testing: â€ŒEnsure AOI, X-ray inspection, and burn-in testing (e.g., 48+ hours) to eliminate defects.
  • ‌Supply Chain Integration: Choose suppliers offering end-to-end services (design, component sourcing, assembly) for faster delivery (e.g., 5-7 day prototyping).
  • ‌Flexible Production:‌ Verify support for small-batch orders (100+ units), custom designs (e.g., PCB length adjustments), and rapid engineering feedback.
  • ‌Industry Experience:‌ Select manufacturers with proven LED lighting projects (T8/T5 LED tube PCB) and certifications (UL/CE).

Best Technology have obtained ISO9001, UL, CE, RoHS certifications and have industry experience in LED lighting projects, especially for T8/T5 LED tubes light PCB board. so we can support small quantity customized LED tube PCB board. Then we can achieve high precision SMT assembly and fast delivery by full automotive SMT production line and electronics supply chain. Please feel free to contact us if you are interested in our service.( The email is at the beginning of this blog)

How Much Does It Cost to Get a LED Tube Light PCB Assembled?‌

Costs range from $0.50 to $5 per unit, depending on layer count, component complexity, and order volume. Bulk orders typically lower per-unit prices by 20-40%.

In conclusion, the above contents all includes materials, assembly processes, cost factors of LED tube light PCB and how to select a good LED tube light PCB assembly manufacturer. If you have any other issues about LED tube light PCB, please leave a message below this blog. Looking forward to your message!

PCB Manufacturer, ITAR PCB Manufacturing

March 31st, 2025

ITAR PCB manufacturing is essential for industries that need strict security and regulatory compliance, such as defense and aerospace. Companies that produce these PCBs must follow U.S. regulations to protect sensitive data and maintain national security. Understanding ITAR rules, costs, and security measures helps businesses choose the proper manufacturer. If you’re looking to work with ITAR-compliant PCB manufacturers, this blog will provide the insights you need.

Best Technology is a leading PCB manufacturer in China, providing high-quality PCB solutions for various industries. With 18 years of expertise, we deliver reliable PCB manufacturing services worldwide. If you have any inquiries or questions about the PCB, warm welcome to reach out to us at sales@bestpcbs.com at any time. It is our pleasure to offer a reliable and fast service for you!

PCB Manufacturer, ITAR PCB Manufacturing

What is the USML, and how does it relate to ITAR PCB manufacturing?

The United States Munitions List (USML) is a critical part of ITAR regulations. It categorizes items that require strict export controls, including certain military-grade PCBs. If a PCB falls under this list, the manufacturer must comply with ITAR requirements to ensure controlled handling of sensitive technologies.

ITAR PCB manufacturing companies that deal with USML-listed items must follow strict security protocols, limit access to authorized personnel, and document every step of production. This is to prevent unauthorized access and ensure that military and defense-related PCBs do not fall into the wrong hands. Companies working in aerospace, defense, and government projects must confirm whether their PCBs are on the USML before production.

What are ITAR countries?

ITAR places strict controls on where sensitive PCB designs and components can be exported. Countries under U.S. sanctions or those that pose national security risks are restricted from receiving ITAR-controlled products. This includes countries listed by the U.S. Department of State and those with complex international relations with the U.S.

If a company wants to export ITAR PCBs, it must ensure the receiving country is not restricted. Any violation can lead to legal consequences, including fines and loss of export privileges. ITAR regulations aim to safeguard U.S. military and aerospace technology from unauthorized use by foreign entities.

ITAR PCB Manufacturing

What is the difference between ITAR PCB assembly and standard PCB assembly?

ITAR PCB assembly is different from standard PCB assembly in several key ways:

  • Strict Security Controls: ITAR PCB assembly requires additional layers of security, including limited access to production areas and personnel background checks.
  • Controlled Data Handling: Design files and Gerber data for ITAR PCBs must be transmitted securely, often through encrypted file transfer protocols (SFTP, VPNs, or secure cloud services).
  • Material and Supplier Restrictions: Components for ITAR PCBs must come from trusted suppliers that meet U.S. security and compliance requirements.
  • Traceability: Every component, material, and production step must be documented to ensure full traceability.

These additional requirements increase costs but ensure the safety and reliability of sensitive PCB assemblies used in military and defense applications.

What are the ITAR requirements for PCB manufacturers in the U.S.?

For a manufacturer to be ITAR-compliant, it must:

  • Register with the U.S. Department of State under the Directorate of Defense Trade Controls (DDTC).
  • Implement strict facility access controls to prevent unauthorized personnel from entering production areas.
  • Use encrypted communication methods when transferring design files and manufacturing data.
  • Ensure that only U.S. citizens or authorized personnel handle ITAR-related PCB projects.
  • Maintain proper documentation and compliance records for audits and inspections.

Failing to meet ITAR requirements can lead to fines, loss of manufacturing licenses, and legal penalties. Companies must stay updated on ITAR regulations to avoid compliance issues.

PCB Manufacturer

How to find reliable ITAR PCB manufacturing companies in the U.S.?

Finding a trusted ITAR PCB manufacturer involves looking for several key factors:

  • ITAR Registration: Ensure the company is officially registered with the U.S. Department of State.
  • Proven Experience: Check if the manufacturer has experience working with defense, aerospace, and government projects.
  • Secure Facilities: ITAR-certified manufacturers have strict access controls and cybersecurity protocols in place.
  • Positive Industry Reputation: Look for customer reviews, testimonials, and case studies from previous clients.
  • Full Compliance Documentation: Ensure the company provides the necessary paperwork to prove ITAR compliance.

Choosing the proper ITAR PCB manufacturer guarantees security, quality, and adherence to regulations.

How to transmit Gerber data securely to ITAR PCB manufacturers?

Since ITAR PCBs contain sensitive information, securely transmitting Gerber data is crucial. Here are some best practices:

  • Use Encrypted File Transfers: SFTP, VPNs, and secure cloud services protect against unauthorized access.
  • Limit Data Access: Only authorized employees should have access to ITAR-related design files.
  • Implement Multi-Factor Authentication (MFA): This adds an extra layer of security when logging into file transfer systems.
  • Sign NDAs with Suppliers: Ensuring non-disclosure agreements (NDAs) are in place protects intellectual property.
  • Keep Transfer Logs: Document every file transfer to track where and when files are accessed.

Taking these steps helps protect sensitive designs from cyber threats and unauthorized distribution.

How does ITAR compliance affect PCB manufacturing costs?

ITAR compliance increases manufacturing costs due to:

  • Additional Security Measures: Secure facilities, background checks, and cybersecurity investments drive up costs.
  • Restricted Supply Chains: ITAR-compliant manufacturers must source components from authorized suppliers, which can be more expensive.
  • Higher Compliance Costs: Manufacturers must pay registration fees, maintain legal documentation, and train employees.
  • Limited Workforce: Only U.S. citizens or authorized personnel can work on ITAR PCB projects, restricting hiring options.

While ITAR compliance adds expenses, it ensures the security and quality of PCBs used in military and aerospace applications. Companies looking for ITAR PCBs should weigh the long-term benefits of security and compliance over short-term cost savings.

What industries require ITAR PCB assembly for their electronics?

Several industries rely on ITAR PCB assembly due to the sensitive nature of their applications:

  • Defense & Military: Used in weapon systems, communication equipment, and surveillance technology.
  • Aerospace: Essential for avionics, satellite communication, and space exploration systems.
  • Government Projects: Secure computing infrastructure and classified technology projects.
  • Medical (Limited Cases): Some medical devices require ITAR compliance when integrated into military healthcare systems.

Companies operating in these sectors must ensure they work with ITAR-certified PCB manufacturers to stay compliant with U.S. laws and regulations.

ITAR PCB Manufacturing

In conclusion, ITAR PCB manufacturing is essential for industries handling sensitive electronics. Choosing a certified manufacturer ensures compliance, security, and reliable product quality. Working with an ITAR-registered supplier guarantees that your PCB designs and assemblies meet all legal requirements while protecting intellectual property. If you’re looking for an ITAR-compliant PCB manufacturer, partnering with a trusted and experienced company is the best way to ensure success.

Finally, Best Technology is a trusted PCB manufacturer in China, offering a wide range of PCB solutions to more than 1,200 customers in more than 60 countries & areas. With a commitment to quality and innovation, we help our partners find the suitable PCB manufacturing solutions for their needs. If you’re looking for a reliable PCB supplier, just feel free to contact us at sales@bestpcbs.com, we are an experienced company ensures success in your projects.

Heavy Copper PCB Manufacturers, Extreme Copper PCB

March 30th, 2025

Heavy copper PCB manufacturers play a crucial role in creating circuit boards that handle high currents, distribute heat efficiently, and meet the needs of demanding industries. Whether you’re looking for extreme copper PCBs, 20oz copper PCBs, or a custom copper core PCB, understanding the factors that affect their design, quality, and assembly process will help you choose the proper manufacturer for your needs.

Heavy copper PCB (Printed Circuit Board) is a go-to solution for high-performance applications that require durability. Best Technology provides high-quality Heavy copper PCB in the PCB industry. We provide rapid prototypes within 24-48 hours. We have offered more than 1,200 customers in more than 60 countries & areas the fast turnaround heavy copper PCB service. We provide both normal delivery service and fast service, and urgent boards can be shipped out within 24 hours! Best Technology is one of the professional heavy copper PCB Manufacturers, if you need heavy copper PCB design, prototype, or assembly, pls feel free to reach out to Best Technology at sales@bestpcbs.com at any time.

Heavy Copper PCB Manufacturers, Extreme Copper PCB

What Design Factors Do Heavy Copper PCB Manufacturers Consider for Reliability?

When designing heavy copper PCBs, manufacturers have to consider a wide range of factors to ensure the board performs reliably over time. Copper thickness, trace width, and the material’s ability to handle high current loads are just a few of the key considerations.

The first important design factor is the copper trace width. For high-current applications, manufacturers use wider copper traces to handle the increased load without overheating. This is especially important in industries like automotive, telecommunications, and power electronics, where PCB durability and performance are critical.

Another crucial aspect is layer stacking. Manufacturers use multiple layers in heavy copper PCBs to ensure that the heat generated by high currents can dissipate efficiently. This helps prevent thermal buildup, which can lead to failure or damage to the PCB. The layers are carefully arranged to maximize heat dissipation and ensure optimal performance under load.

Heat dissipation techniques are also a major design factor. A properly designed heavy copper PCB uses advanced techniques, such as copper coin technology, which places thick copper elements within the PCB to efficiently absorb and dissipate heat.

Heavy Copper PCB Manufacturers

Where to Find Reliable Heavy Copper PCB Manufacturers for PCBs?

Finding the right manufacturer is key to ensuring you get a high-quality heavy copper PCB that meets your specifications. The process of identifying reliable manufacturers often starts with online research. There are numerous online directories, trade shows, and industry events where you can find reputable heavy copper PCB manufacturers.

Customer reviews and feedback play a significant role in identifying reliable manufacturers. Look for companies that have a proven track record in producing high-quality heavy copper PCBs. Best Technology, for instance, has built a strong reputation over 18 years, delivering excellent products to industries around the world.

Industry certifications also signal reliability. Established manufacturers often have certifications such as ISO 9001, UL, and IPC, which indicate their adherence to international quality standards.

Networking is another great way to find trusted manufacturers. Industry forums, LinkedIn, and professional groups offer recommendations from other businesses that have worked with these manufacturers.

Extreme Copper PCB

What Certifications Should Reliable Heavy Copper PCB Manufacturers Have?

Choosing a reliable heavy copper PCB manufacturer requires understanding the certifications they hold. Certifications are an assurance that the manufacturer follows quality control procedures and complies with industry standards.

The ISO 9001 certification is a widely recognized standard that shows a manufacturer’s commitment to quality management. It ensures that the manufacturer has consistent processes in place to deliver high-quality products.

The UL certification is another important factor, especially for PCBs that will be used in safety-critical applications. UL certification indicates that the manufacturer meets safety standards and that their products are safe for use in electrical applications.

Lastly, IPC certifications (such as IPC-A-600 and IPC-2221) demonstrate that the manufacturer follows best practices for PCB design, assembly, and inspection. These certifications ensure that the manufacturer produces PCBs that meet industry standards for performance and reliability.

What Is the Thickness of Copper in Best Technology?

Best Technology offers a range of copper thickness options tailored to different applications. Below is the capability of heavy copper PCB for your reference:

  • Base material: FR4/Aluminum
  • Copper thickness: 4 OZ~10 OZ
  • Extreme Heavy Copper: 20~200 OZ
  • Outline: Routing, punching, V-Cut
  • Solder mask: White/Black/Blue/Green/Red Oil
  • Surface finishing: Immersion Gold, HASL, OSP
  • Max panel size: 580*480mm(22.8″*18.9″)

Best Technology doesn’t do “one-size-fits-all.” Our copper range fits every need. 2 oz (70 ”m) is commonly used in consumer gadgets like phones, and routers. 4–10 oz heavy copper PCB is suitable for industrial applications like solar inverters.  20–200 oz extreme copper PCB is perfect for power substations and other areas that require heat dissipation and high current-carrying capacity. By customizing the copper thickness, Best Technology ensures that each PCB meets the specific needs of its customers, whether for high-frequency applications or power electronics.

How Thick Is 2 oz of Copper for PCB?

A 2 oz copper PCB typically has a thickness of around 70 microns (2.8 mils). While this is considered a mid-range thickness, it offers significant advantages over standard copper PCBs. The thicker copper enables the PCB to handle more current and provides better thermal performance, making it ideal for applications in industrial machinery, power supplies, and automotive systems.

The added copper thickness also improves the board’s resistance to thermal stress, which is particularly important in environments where heat is generated due to high power loads.

How Do Heavy Copper PCB Manufacturers Ensure Quality and Durability?

Ensuring the quality and durability of heavy copper PCBs is a multi-step process. From the initial design phase to the final assembly, manufacturers must employ strict quality control measures.

At Best Technology, advanced technologies like automated optical inspection (AOI) and X-ray inspection are used to detect potential defects early in the production process. These tools ensure that any issues are identified and corrected before they affect the final product.

Manufacturers also use high-quality materials like copper foil and ensure that the lamination process is carried out under precise conditions to avoid defects. Each PCB undergoes thorough testing to verify its electrical properties, mechanical strength, and heat dissipation capabilities.

Heavy Copper PCB Manufacturers

How to Choose a Heavy Copper PCB Manufacturer?

Choosing the right heavy copper PCB manufacturer requires careful consideration of several factors:

  • 1. Experience: Look for manufacturers with experience in producing heavy copper PCBs, especially for the type of application you’re targeting.
  • 2. Technology: Ensure the manufacturer has the latest technology for PCB design, fabrication, and testing.
  • 3. Customer Service: A good manufacturer will offer support throughout the entire process, from design to assembly.
  • 4. Prototyping: Request prototypes to verify the manufacturer’s capabilities before committing to large-scale production.

By evaluating these factors, you can choose a manufacturer that meets your quality standards and provides a seamless experience from start to finish.

Finally, heavy copper PCB manufacturers are essential partners for businesses in need of high-performance and durable PCBs. Best Technology stands out as a reliable provider of heavy copper PCBs, offering customized solutions and unparalleled expertise. Whether you need extreme copper PCBs or 20oz copper PCBs, choosing the proper manufacturer ensures the success and longevity of your products.

Do you need a heavy copper PCB solution? Just feel free to contact Best Technology at sales@bestpcbs.com at any time for expert guidance, exceptional quality, and fast delivery.

How to Embedded System Interact with Various Sensors?

March 28th, 2025

Embedded systems are at the core of modern technology, enabling devices to interact with their environment in intelligent ways. These systems rely on sensors to collect real-world data and use microcontrollers to process and respond to that data. From smart homes to industrial automation, embedded systems play a vital role in optimizing efficiency and automation.

What is a Sensor in an Embedded System?

A sensor in an embedded system is a device that detects and measures physical properties such as temperature, pressure, motion, or light and converts them into electrical signals. These signals are then interpreted by a microcontroller or processor to make real-time decisions.

Sensors serve as the system’s primary interface with the external environment. They can measure a wide range of physical and chemical properties, including:

  • Temperature (e.g., Thermocouples, RTDs, Thermistors)
  • Pressure (e.g., Barometers, Strain Gauges, MEMS Pressure Sensors)
  • Light (e.g., Photodiodes, LDRs, IR Sensors)
  • Motion (e.g., Accelerometers, Gyroscopes, PIR Sensors)
  • Sound (e.g., Microphones, Ultrasonic Sensors)
  • Gas & Chemical Composition (e.g., Gas Sensors, pH Sensors)

For example, in an air conditioning system, a temperature sensor detects the room’s temperature. The embedded system processes this data and adjusts the cooling settings accordingly. Similarly, in a smartphone, an accelerometer detects movement and rotates the screen based on the phone’s orientation.

What Are the Four Main Types of Sensors?

Sensors come in various types, but they can be categorized into four primary groups based on the type of data they collect.

1. Temperature Sensors

These sensors measure heat levels and are widely used in industrial automation, healthcare, and consumer electronics.

  • Examples: Thermocouples, Resistance Temperature Detectors (RTDs), and thermistors.
  • Applications: Air conditioners, refrigerators, and medical devices like digital thermometers.

2. Pressure Sensors

Pressure sensors detect force exerted on a surface and convert it into an electrical signal. They are essential in automotive and industrial applications.

  • Examples: Strain gauge sensors, piezoelectric sensors, and capacitive pressure sensors.
  • Applications: Tire pressure monitoring in vehicles, fluid pressure measurement in pipelines.

3. Motion Sensors

Motion sensors detect movement and acceleration. They are used in security systems, gaming controllers, and wearable devices.

  • Examples: Accelerometers, gyroscopes, and infrared sensors.
  • Applications: Fitness trackers, anti-theft alarms, and robotic systems.

4. Optical Sensors

Optical sensors detect light intensity and are widely used in smartphones, industrial automation, and medical diagnostics.

  • Examples: Photodiodes, infrared sensors, and laser sensors.
  • Applications: Touchscreen devices, barcode scanners, and heart rate monitors.

What Is the Role of Sensors in Embedded Systems?

Sensors act as the eyes and ears of embedded systems. They detect physical changes such as temperature shifts, pressure variations, motion, or light intensity and convert them into signals the system can process. Key functions of sensors in embedded systems including:

  • Continuous Data Collection: Sensors provide real-time information, helping systems monitor environmental conditions accurately.
  • Automation and Control: Embedded systems use sensor data to adjust operations without human intervention, improving efficiency.
  • Safety and Protection: In applications like automotive airbags or fire alarm systems, sensors trigger responses that enhance safety.
  • Energy Optimization: Smart lighting, climate control, and industrial processes rely on sensors to reduce energy waste.

Without sensors, embedded systems would not be able to interact with their surroundings, making them essential for smart technology.

How Sensors Are Integrated into Embedded Systems?

How to embedded system interact with various sensors? Integrating sensors into embedded systems involves multiple steps, from selecting the right sensor to processing its data for decision-making. Let’s see how they integrated into embedded systems:

1. Selecting the Right Sensor

The first step in sensor integration is choosing the appropriate sensor based on the system’s requirements. Key factors to consider include:

  • Type of Measurement: Sensors detect parameters like temperature, pressure, motion, or humidity.
  • Accuracy and Sensitivity: Higher precision is needed in applications like medical devices, while industrial sensors prioritize durability.
  • Power Consumption: Battery-operated systems require low-power sensors to enhance efficiency.
  • Communication Interface: Sensors use protocols like I2C, SPI, UART, or analog output to transmit data.

Selecting the right sensor ensures optimal system performance and reliability.

2. Connecting Sensors to the Embedded System

Once the sensor is selected, it needs to be physically connected to the embedded system. The connection type depends on whether the sensor is analog or digital.

  • Analog Sensors: These sensors provide continuous voltage signals that vary based on detected parameters. An Analog-to-Digital Converter (ADC) is required to process the signal.
  • Digital Sensors: These sensors transmit data in binary form (0s and 1s) and can be directly connected to microcontrollers using interfaces like I2C, SPI, or UART.

3. Sensor Calibration and Signal Conditioning

Before using sensor data, calibration and signal conditioning are necessary to improve accuracy and reliability. Calibration process is by adjusting sensor readings to match standard measurements. For example, temperature sensors need calibration against a known temperature source.

4. Data Processing in Microcontrollers

In the embedded system, the microcontroller acts as the brain of the embedded system, processing data from sensors and executing predefined tasks.

  • Raw Data Conversion: If the sensor provides an analog output, the ADC (Analog-to-Digital Converter) converts it into a digital signal for processing.
  • Data Filtering: Algorithms help remove errors or fluctuations from sensor readings.
  • Decision-Making: The system processes data and triggers appropriate actions. For example, a temperature sensor in an HVAC system adjusts cooling or heating based on detected temperatures.

5. Communication Between Sensors and Embedded Systems

Embedded systems use communication protocols to exchange data between sensors, microcontrollers, and external devices. Commonly used are:

  • I2C (Inter-Integrated Circuit): Commonly used for connecting multiple low-speed sensors with minimal wiring.
  • SPI (Serial Peripheral Interface): Provides faster data transfer, suitable for high-speed applications like industrial automation.
  • UART (Universal Asynchronous Receiver-Transmitter): Used in GPS modules, wireless communication, and serial interfaces.
  • Wireless Communication: Some sensors use Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, or Zigbee for remote data transmission, seen in smart home and IoT applications.

What Is the Difference Between an Embedded System and a Microcontroller?

Many people may confused about embedded system and microcontroller, they think they are the two different system. Actually, a microcontroller is just one part of an embedded system. The embedded system includes the microcontroller, sensors, actuators, and other components. Their key differences are listing as below:

FeatureEmbedded SystemMicrocontroller
DefinitionA complete system that includes a microcontroller, sensors, and actuatorsA small chip that processes data
ComponentsSensors, microcontroller, actuators, memory, and power supplyCPU, RAM, ROM, and I/O ports
FunctionPerforms dedicated tasks like monitoring temperature or controlling motorsExecutes instructions and controls peripherals  
ExamplesSmart home systems, medical monitors, industrial robotsATmega328, PIC16F877A  

How Do Microcontrollers Interact with Sensors and Actuators in an Embedded System?

Microcontrollers serve as the core of embedded systems, handling communication between sensors and actuators. Sensors collect real-world data such as temperature, motion, or pressure and send it to the microcontroller for processing. Based on this data, the microcontroller makes decisions and controls actuators to perform specific actions.

1. Receiving Data from Sensors

Sensors generate signals, either analog or digital, which the microcontroller processes:

  • Analog Sensors: Provide variable voltage signals that require an Analog-to-Digital Converter (ADC) to convert them into digital values.
  • Digital Sensors: Directly transmit binary data via communication protocols like I2C, SPI, or UART for faster processing.

2. Processing Sensor Data

The microcontroller processes raw sensor readings using filtering, calibration, and decision-making algorithms. It can also store data for further analysis or send it to external systems via wired or wireless communication.

3. Controlling Actuators

After analyzing sensor data, the microcontroller sends control signals to actuators, which convert electrical signals into physical actions. Common actuators include:

  • Motors: Used in robotic arms, conveyor belts, and automated vehicles.
  • Relays: Switch electrical circuits on or off, commonly found in home automation.
  • Solenoids: Control fluid flow in valves and hydraulic systems.

4. Feedback and Closed-Loop Control

Many embedded systems use a closed-loop control system, where sensors provide continuous feedback to the microcontroller. This ensures precise actuator adjustments based on real-time data. For example, in an HVAC system, a temperature sensor constantly updates the microcontroller, which then adjusts the cooling or heating output.

5. Communication with External Devices

Microcontrollers often transmit sensor and actuator data to external systems using wireless communication protocols like Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, or Zigbee. This is common in IoT applications, where devices send data to cloud platforms for remote monitoring and automation.

Examples of Embedded Systems and Sensor Interactions

Embedded systems are used in various industries, with sensors playing a crucial role in automation, monitoring, and control. Below are some common examples where embedded systems interact with different types of sensors to perform real-world tasks efficiently.

1. Automotive Systems

  • Wheel speed sensors detect the rotation of each wheel, and the microcontroller adjusts braking pressure to prevent skidding.
  • Pressure sensors in tires continuously send data to the embedded system, alerting the driver if pressure drops below a safe level.

2. Industrial Automation

  • Sensors monitor environmental conditions in manufacturing plants to maintain product quality, especially in food processing and pharmaceuticals.
  • Robots use infrared and ultrasonic sensors to detect objects and avoid collisions while performing automated tasks.

3. Healthcare and Medical Devices

  • Wearable devices use optical or ECG sensors to track heartbeats and detect irregularities.
  • Glucose sensors in insulin pumps help diabetic patients regulate blood sugar levels automatically.

4. Smart Home Automation

  • Infrared sensors detect movement, activating alarms or security cameras in case of intrusion.
  • Light sensors adjust indoor lighting based on natural daylight levels, reducing energy consumption.

5. Wearable Technology

  • Sensors measure heart rate, step count, and blood oxygen levels, helping users track fitness goals.
  • Smart textiles with embedded sensors monitor body temperature and adjust clothing insulation accordingly.

One-Stop PCB & PCBA Manufacturer for Embedded Systems

After understanding how the embedded system interacts with the sensors and finalizing your project design, are you looking for an one-stop PCB manufacturer to make it into reality? If you are doing this, then do not hesitate to contact Best Technology.

Since established in 2006, we have worked in PCB & PCBA for more than 18 years, during these years, we have accumulated much experience to overcome numerous difficulties in the manufacturing. We have our own PCB factories in Shenzhen, including FR4 PCB, metal core PCB, ceramic PCB, flex & rigid flex PCB. And to serve customer better, we built PCBA factory both in China and Vietnam, each has more than 3 SMT lines and equipped with advanced pick and place aseembly machines. In addtion to this, we offer box building assembly service for embedded systems. Providing full turn-key service from PCB design, PCB fabricating, components sourcing, IC programing, pcb assembly, function testing… If you are interested in it, you are welcome to e-mail us at sales@bestpcbs.com. Our team will try their best to help you!

What is Power Inverter Circuit? Power Inverter Diagram Circuit

March 28th, 2025

What is a Power Inverter Circuit?

What is a power inverter circuit? A power inverter circuit is a crucial component in many electrical systems, especially for those that rely on renewable energy sources like solar panels. In simple terms, a power inverter converts direct current (DC) into alternating current (AC).

DC power flows in one direction, while AC power reverses direction periodically. Most household devices, including appliances, lights, and tools, operate on AC power. Since many energy sources, such as solar panels and batteries, provide DC power, an inverter is required to convert it to the appropriate AC form. Without inverters, off-grid power systems would not be practical, as most electrical devices cannot run on DC power.

Power inverters come in various sizes and configurations depending on the specific requirements. Small inverters are used for powering a few devices, while large inverters are used in industrial applications or large solar power systems to power entire buildings or grids.

What is Power Inverter Circuit?

Power Inverter Diagram Circuit

To understand how a power inverter circuit works, it’s essential to know the basic components of an inverter include:

  • DC Input (Battery or Solar Panel): The source of direct current, usually from batteries or renewable sources like solar panels.
  • Oscillator Circuit: This generates a high-frequency AC signal from the DC input. The oscillator typically uses transistors to switch the current at a high frequency.
  • Switching Circuit (Transistors or MOSFETs): These components act as the “switches” in the circuit that alternate the current, effectively turning DC into a pulsating AC signal.
  • Transformer: The transformer steps up or steps down the voltage to the appropriate level. Inverters can be designed for low, medium, or high voltage applications.
  • Rectifier/Filter Circuit: This smooths the pulsed AC signal into a more stable form of AC, reducing the ripple to make the output more consistent.
  • AC Output: The final alternating current is available at the output terminals, ready to power devices.

A diagram for a power inverter would typically include these components arranged in a sequence that shows how energy flows through the system—from DC input to AC output. And here is a basic power inverter circuit diagram for your reference.

Power Inverter Diagram Circuit

What is the Function of a Power Inverter?

The main function of a power inverter is to convert direct current (DC) into alternating current (AC), making it usable for common household appliances or industrial equipment. For example, when you’re off the grid and using solar panels, they generate DC power. However, most of your home appliances, like refrigerators, air conditioners, and lighting, run on AC power. Without an inverter, you wouldn’t be able to use the power from your solar panel or battery system to run these devices.

Inverters are also used in backup power systems, where DC power is stored in batteries and then converted to AC power for temporary use during power outages. They ensure that electricity is supplied in the form that most appliances can safely use. Moreover, power inverters are critical for maintaining the stability of power in renewable energy systems, ensuring that the power generated can be fed into the grid or used to power homes and businesses.

How Does a Power Inverter Work?

The operation of a power inverter revolves around switching and transforming electrical energy. It works by these processes: the inverter receives direct current from the battery or storage battery as input. After the input DC is processed by the rectifier, it enters the inverter bridge. Inverter bridge is the core component of the inverter, by controlling the switching elements (such as IGBT) on and off, the direct current is converted to high frequency periodic alternating current.

What is Power Inverter Circuit? Power Inverter Diagram Circuit

Using pulse width modulation (PWM) technology, the phase alternating current is modulated into sine wave or square wave of a certain frequency, so that its waveform is close to the alternating current of the mains. Then the modulated AC passes through the filter circuit to filter out the high-frequency harmonics and get a smooth AC output. The inverter is equipped with a protection system to ensure stable operation in the case of load changes or failures, to protect the inverter and connected electrical equipment.

How to Build a DC to AC Power Inverter Circuit?

Building a DC to AC power inverter circuit can be a rewarding and educational project, especially for those interested in renewable energy or electronics. While there are many different types of power inverters, from simple square wave designs to complex sine wave designs, here we will focus on creating a basic square wave DC to AC inverter. This type of inverter can be used for low-power applications and is easier to build compared to more advanced inverters.

Before starting, it’s important to gather the necessary components in the inverter:

  • Oscillator Circuit Components (555 Timer IC or a simple transistor-based oscillator): The oscillator is responsible for converting DC into a high-frequency AC signal. You can use a 555 timer IC to generate a square wave, or you can use a transistor circuit if you prefer.
  • Transistors or MOSFETs: These are used to switch the current flow in the inverter circuit. They act as the key components to generate the alternating current (AC) waveform from the direct current (DC).
  • Transformer: A transformer is used to step up or step down the voltage. In the case of a 12V DC input and a desired 120V AC output, you’ll need a step-up transformer. The transformer also helps in isolating the AC output from the DC input.
  • Capacitors: Capacitors help filter and smooth the output waveform, reducing the ripple in the AC signal.
  • Resistors: Resistors are used for biasing transistors and controlling current flow in the oscillator.
  • Diodes: Diodes can be used for rectifying or preventing reverse current flow (e.g., flyback diodes across the transistors).
  • Heat Sinks: Since the transistors will be switching at high frequencies and can generate heat, using heat sinks can help prevent damage to the components.
  • 12V Battery (or DC Power Source): This is the source of direct current for your inverter circuit. You can use a 12V lead-acid battery or a suitable DC power supply.
  • Output Socket: You’ll need a socket for connecting the AC-powered devices that will be used with the inverter.

Here is a basic process to build a small power inverter:

  1. Create an Oscillator Circuit: You can use an integrated circuit (IC) like the 555 timer or a square wave oscillator to produce the necessary alternating signal.
  2. Set Up Transistor Switching: Use transistors like MOSFETs to switch the DC power on and off rapidly, creating a pulsing current.
  3. Add a Transformer: The transformer changes the voltage to the desired level. For example, if you’re using a 12V DC battery and want 120V AC output, a step-up transformer will do the job.
  4. Rectify and Smooth the Output: After the transformer, use a diode-based rectifier and capacitor to smooth the waveform to reduce ripple.
  5. Test and Fine-Tune: Finally, test your inverter, and ensure that the output voltage and frequency are stable enough for the devices you plan to power.

What is the Difference Between a Power Inverter and a Power Converter?

Power Inverter is used to convert DC to AC. This is important for powering devices that require alternating current, such as household appliances and equipment connected to the electrical grid. However, power converter converts AC to DC. Converters are used when you need to charge batteries or power devices that require DC input, such as most electronics like laptops, cell phones, and LED lighting.

In short, the primary difference between an inverter and a converter lies in the type of current they handle. Inverters make DC usable for AC devices, while converters provide the DC required by many modern electronic devices.

What Do You Need a Power Inverter For?

Power inverters are important in the modern society. They are used in various applications, both in homes and businesses. They can be seen everywhere in our daily life, like:

  • Off-Grid Power Systems: For people who live off the electrical grid, inverters are essential. Solar panels or wind turbines generate DC power, and an inverter converts it into AC for use in the home.
  • Emergency Backup Power: In the event of a power outage, an inverter can provide backup power. The inverter converts power from batteries into AC electricity to keep critical systems running.
  • Powering Electronics: Portable inverters are often used to power laptops, lights, and other small appliances from a car battery or portable power bank.
  • Renewable Energy Systems: Inverters are also used in renewable energy installations to convert DC power generated from solar panels into the AC needed for homes or commercial use.
What is Power Inverter Circuit? Power Inverter Diagram Circuit

FAQs of Power Inverter Circuit

1. What Should You Not Plug Into an Inverter?

When using an inverter, avoid plugging in devices that draw too much power, especially when the inverter’s rating is not high enough. For example, large appliances like air conditioners, refrigerators, and microwaves require a lot of power and might overload the inverter, causing it to shut down or even damage the device.

2. What Does a Power Inverter Fuse Do?

A fuse in a power inverter acts as a safety device. If the inverter is overloaded or the current exceeds the maximum safe limit, the fuse blows, preventing damage to the internal components. It essentially protects the inverter from short circuits, excessive current, or other electrical faults.

3. Do Power Inverters Drain Your Battery?

Yes, power inverters do drain the battery because they require energy to operate. The rate at which the battery drains depends on the inverter’s load and the capacity of the battery. Inverters with higher power ratings will drain the battery faster than smaller inverters.

4. What Size Battery Do I Need to Run a 2000W Inverter?

To run a 2000W inverter, you need a battery with enough capacity to supply the necessary power. A 12V battery with at least 200Ah (amp-hours) would be required to run a 2000W inverter.

Chinese PCB Manufacturers, Top 10 PCB Manufacturers in China

March 28th, 2025

Chinese PCB manufacturers dominate the global market with their competitive pricing, advanced technology, and fast production capabilities. As one of leading Chinese PCB maker, Best Technology offers a wide range of PCB solutions whether you’re looking for small-batch prototypes or large-scale production. There are numerous cheap Chinese PCB manufacturer available, choosing the right one requires careful evaluation. This article provide you with printed circuit board manufacturers list, to help you find the reliable Chinese PCB manufacturers to suit your project.

Located in Shenzhen, Best Technology provides manufacturing and sale service of various types of printed circuit boards and assembly. During the 18 years, Best Technology focused on oversea market and implemented the professional separation of sales and production. So that we can provide more efficient service to customer and going to be one of the most reliable PCB manufacturers in China. Warmly welcome to contact us at sales@bestpcbs.com for any custom PCB projects of any quantity, from small to large volumes.

Chinese PCB Manufacturers, Top 10 PCB Manufacturers in China

Top Chinese PCB Manufacturers

China is home to some of the world’s leading PCB manufacturers. These companies provide various options, from prototypes to high-volume production. Here are the top 10 PCB manufacturers in China:

  • 1. Best Technology Co., Limited: A leader in high-quality PCBs manufacturing includes multilayer FR4 PCB, ceramic PCB, metal core PCBs, PCB assembly. Offers rapid PCB prototyping and assembly services.
Chinese PCB Manufacturers
  • 2. Shenzhen Kinwong Electronic Co., Ltd.: A top supplier known for advanced PCB solutions and reliability.
  • 3. Suntak PCB: Offers high-precision circuit boards for industrial and consumer electronics.
  • 4. Victory Giant Technology: Well-known for producing high-end PCBs for global customers.
  • 5. Aoshikang Technology: Focuses on high-frequency and high-speed PCBs.
  • 6. Shennan Circuits: Supplies PCBs to aerospace, medical, and telecommunications industries.
  • 7. Jiangxi Copper (JCC): A company in PCB copper materials and circuit board production.
  • 8. Wuzhu Technology: Specializes in quick-turn and HDI PCB solutions.
  • 9. Sihui Fuji Electronics Technology: Provides a balance of cost and performance in PCB manufacturing.
  • 10. Shenzhen Fastprint: Offers PCB, IC substrate, FPC, semiconductor test board products.

How Do I Find the Best Manufacturer in China?

Finding the best manufacturer in China requires a mix of research, due diligence, and relationship-building. Below is a step-by-step guide to streamline your search while ensuring quality and reliability:

‌1. Define Your Product Requirements‌

  • Specifications‌: Materials, dimensions, certifications (e.g., ISO, CE), and compliance standards.
  • Volume‌: Estimate order quantities to target manufacturers that align with your scale.
  • Budget‌: Balance cost with quality—avoid prioritizing low prices alone.

This clarity helps filter manufacturers that meet your needs and reduces miscommunication later.

‌2. Leverage Trusted Sourcing Platforms‌

Use established B2B platforms to shortlist candidates:

  • Alibaba.com‌: Filter verified suppliers with “Gold Supplier” or “Trade Assurance” badges.
  • Global Sources‌: Focus on exporters with audited profiles.
  • Made-in-China‌: Ideal for niche industries or custom products.
  • Exhibition: Attend trade shows like the Canton Fair to meet PCB suppliers face-to-face. Keep regular communication which fosters trust.

It is recommended to Look for suppliers with ≄3 years of operation and consistent reviews.

‌3. Verify Credibility‌

  • Requesting Business Licenses‌: Legitimate manufacturers will provide a Chinese business license.
  • Checking Export Experience‌: Ask for past client references in your region.
  • Third-Party Inspections‌: Hire agencies like SGS or Bureau Veritas to audit facilities or test samples.
  • Visit Factories‌: If feasible, tour facilities to assess equipment, workflows, and working conditions. For remote vetting, schedule a video walkthrough.

‌4. Request Samples

  • Request Samples‌: Test functionality, durability, and packaging.

‌5. Mitigate Supply Chain Risks‌

  • Draft Clear Contracts‌: Include IP protection, penalties for delays, and quality clauses.
  • Start Small‌: Place a trial order before committing to large volumes.
  • Use Secure Payments‌: Opt for escrow services (e.g., Alibaba Trade Assurance) or letters of credit (L/C).
  • Stay Updated‌: Monitor tariffs, shipping costs, and regulations (e.g., China’s customs policies).

By combining thorough research with proactive verification, you’ll minimize risks and partner with a manufacturer that delivers consistent quality and aligns with your business goals.

Top 10 PCB Manufacturers in China

Who Makes Fast Turnaround PCBs?

For urgent projects, selecting a China PCB manufacturer that specializes in fast delivery is essential. Best Technology is known for quick turn services.

We always do right things and then do things right, so that we can complete any project quickly & efficiently. We always reply email within 12 hours so that make our customers feeling like doing business with the neighbor. Focusing on electronics & circuit board industry, Best Technology provide one-stop service from designing, DFM, fabrication of all type of printed circuit boards (from MCPCB, ceramic PCB, FR4 PCB, special PCB), to components purchasing, PCBA (SMT) and box assembly, we also provide suitable solution for our customers that help to save time & money of them, and then become the most reliable Chinese PCB manufacturer r of them.

If you need PCB prototype, pls feel free to reach out to Best Technology at sales@bestpcbs.com at any time. Best Technology provides rapid prototypes within 24-48 hours. We have offered more than 1,200 customers in more than 60 countries & areas the fast turnaround PCBs service. We provide both normal delivery service and fast service, and urgent boards can be shipped out within 24 hours!

What Is Best Technology Co., Limited China?

Founded in 2006, Best Technology is one of a direct Chinese PCB manufacturers with in-house production capabilities, own certificate like ISO 9001, ISO 13485, IATF 16949, AS9100D. We specialize in various PCBs, including:

  • Metal Core PCBs: Includes single-layer metal core PCB, two-layer aluminum base PCB, multilayer aluminum based PCB, double-sided metal core PCB.

These are ideal for LED applications (e.g., automotive headlights, outdoor displays) due to excellent heat dissipation.

Chinese PCB Manufacturers

These are High thermal conductivity for RF communications‌ (5G base stations, radar systems) and power electronics (IGBT modules, new energy vehicle control systems), and ‌aerospace‌ applications.

These are suitable for ‌consumer electronics‌ (smart home devices, wearables), ‌industrial controls‌ (PLCs, sensors), and ‌communication equipment‌ (routers, switches), balancing cost-effectiveness and performance optimization.

  • Special PCBs: Providing custom PCBs like busbar PCB, IC substrate, HDI PCB, extra thin PCB, heavy copper PCB, high Tg PCB, high speed PCB, impedance control PCB.

These meet stringent reliability requirements in ‌automotive electronics‌ (ADAS systems, battery management), ‌medical devices‌ (imaging diagnostics, portable monitors), and ‌military equipment‌ (precision guidance, anti-interference systems).

All our above PCB products can be customized to suit your needs, all our PCBs are compliant to REACH, RoHS. Let you no worries about the quality. Currently our mouthy capability is 260,000 square feet (28,900 square meter), more than 1,000 different boards will be completed. Best Technology focus on quality, innovation, and customer satisfaction. We provide fast turnaround service, so that urgent boards can be shipped out within 24 hours.

How to Compare Prices: Chinese vs. Non-Chinese PCB Manufacturers?

Comparing pricing between Chinese PCB manufacturers and global competitors helps in making informed decisions. Here’s what to consider:

  • 1. Material Costs: China often has lower raw material costs, reducing overall expenses.
  • 2. Labor Costs: Manufacturing in China is more cost-effective than in Europe or North America.
  • 3. Technology & Equipment: Leading Chinese PCB makers use advanced technology while maintaining competitive prices.
  • 4. Shipping & Tariffs: Factor in logistics and import duties when comparing global prices.
  • 5. Lead Time: Chinese suppliers often have faster production due to efficient supply chains.

In general, China PCB manufacturers offer better pricing without compromising on quality.

What Are the Benefits of Choosing a Chinese PCB Manufacturer?

Selecting a Chinese PCB manufacturer provides several advantages:

  • Cost-Effective Production: Lower manufacturing costs lead to competitive pricing.
  • Advanced Technology: Many factories use cutting-edge equipment for high precision.
  • Scalability: Handles small to mass production with flexibility.
  • Fast Prototyping: Quick turnaround times for new product development.
  • Global Supply Chain: Strong logistics networks ensure smooth international shipping.
  • Customization: Tailored PCB solutions for various industries.

Chinese PCB manufacturers continue to be a preferred choice for companies worldwide.

Top 10 PCB Manufacturers in China

How to Choose a PCB Manufacturer?

When selecting a Chinese PCB manufacturer, keep these points in mind:

  • 1. Industry Experience: Look for companies with a strong track record.
  • 2. Quality Standards: Ensure compliance with international certifications.
  • 3. Customization Ability: The manufacturer should meet specific design needs.
  • 4. Customer Service: A responsive team can resolve issues quickly.
  • 5. Production Capacity: Choose a supplier that can scale with your business.
  • 6. Pricing & Lead Time: Find a balance between cost and delivery speed.

In conclusion, Chinese PCB manufacturers offer a mix of affordability, quality, and advanced technology. Whether you need good price and quality mix lamination PCB from Chinese manufacturers or a fast-turnaround prototype, there are plenty of options. Research thoroughly, compare suppliers, and choose a manufacturer that aligns with your requirements.

By partnering with the right Chinese PCB manufacturers, you can ensure cost-effective, high-quality solutions for your electronic projects. If you’re looking for reliable PCB production, Best Technology Co., Limited is a strong choice with proven expertise in the industry. Just feel free to contact us at sales@bestpcbs.com for any PCB specification or PCB quotations.

LED switching power supply PCB board design

March 28th, 2025

LED switching power supply PCB board design,In the design of switching power supplies, if the PCB board is not designed properly, it will radiate too much electromagnetic interference. The following seven tricks are summarized for the design of PCB boards that ensure stable power supply operation: by analyzing the matters that need to be paid attention to in each step, you can easily design the PCB board step by step!

LED switching power supply PCB board

Step 1

Design process from schematic to PCB: Establish component parameters – > Input schematic netlist – > Design parameter setting – > Manual layout – > Manual wiring – > Verify design – > Review – > CAM output.

LED switching power supply PCB board design

Step 2

Parameter setting: The spacing between adjacent wires must meet the electrical safety requirements, and the spacing should be as wide as possible for easy operation and production. The spacing should at least be suitable for the voltage to be tolerated. When the wiring density is low, the spacing between signal lines can be appropriately increased. The signal lines with high and low levels should be as short as possible and the spacing should be increased. In general, the wiring spacing is set to 8mil. The distance from the edge of the inner hole of the pad to the edge of the printed circuit board should be greater than 1mm to avoid pad defects during processing. When the trace connected to the pad is thin, the connection between the pad and the trace should be designed into a water drop shape. The advantage of this is that the pad is not easy to peel, but the trace and the pad are not easy to disconnect.

Step 3

Component layout practice has proved that even if the circuit schematic is designed correctly, improper printed circuit board design will have an adverse effect on the reliability of electronic equipment. For example, if two thin parallel lines on a printed circuit board are very close to each other, a delay in the signal waveform will be formed, and reflected noise will be formed at the end of the transmission line; interference caused by inconsiderate consideration of the power supply and ground line will reduce the performance of the product. Therefore, when designing a printed circuit board, you should pay attention to using the correct method. Each switching power supply has four current loops:
(1) Power switch AC loop
(2) Output rectifier AC loop
(3) Input signal source current loop
(4) Output load current loop
The input loop charges the input capacitor through a current that is close to DC, and the filter capacitor mainly plays a broadband energy storage role; similarly, the output filter capacitor is also used to store high-frequency energy from the output rectifier and eliminate the DC energy of the output load loop. Therefore, the terminals of the input and output filter capacitors are very important. The input and output current loops should be connected to the power supply only from the terminals of the filter capacitors; if the connection between the input/output loop and the power switch/rectifier loop cannot be directly connected to the terminals of the capacitor, the AC energy will be radiated from the input or output filter capacitor to the environment. The AC circuit of the power switch and the AC circuit of the rectifier contain high-amplitude trapezoidal currents. The harmonic components in these currents are very high, and their frequencies are much higher than the switching base frequency. The peak amplitude can be as high as 5 times the continuous input/output DC current amplitude, and the transition time is usually about 50ns. These two circuits are prone to electromagnetic interference, so these AC circuits must be laid out before other printed wiring in the power supply. The three main components of each circuit, filter capacitors, power switches or rectifiers, and inductors or transformers, should be placed adjacent to each other, and the positions of the components should be adjusted to make the current path between them as short as possible.
The method of establishing the layout of the switching power supply is similar to its electrical design. The design process is as follows:
Place the transformer Design the power switch current loop Design the output rectifier current loop Control circuit connected to the AC power circuit Design the input current source loop and input filter Design the output load loop and output filter According to the functional units of the circuit, when laying out all the components of the circuit, the following principles must be met:
(1) First, consider the size of the PCB. When the PCB size is too large, the printed lines are long, the impedance increases, the anti-noise ability decreases, and the cost increases; if it is too small, the heat dissipation is poor, and the adjacent lines are susceptible to interference. The shape of the circuit board is rectangular, with an aspect ratio of 3:2 or 4:3. The components located at the edge of the circuit board are generally not less than 2mm away from the edge of the circuit board.
(2) When placing components, consider the subsequent welding and do not place them too densely;
(3) The components of each functional circuit are centered and the layout is carried out around it. The components should be arranged evenly, neatly and compactly on the PCB. The leads and connections between the components should be minimized and shortened as much as possible, and the decoupling capacitor should be as close to the VCC of the device as possible.
(4) For circuits working at high frequencies, the distribution parameters between components should be considered. Generally, the components of the circuit should be arranged in parallel as much as possible. This is not only beautiful, but also easy to assemble and solder, and easy to mass produce.
(5) Arrange the positions of each functional circuit unit according to the circuit process, so that the layout is convenient for signal flow and the signal keeps the same direction as much as possible.
(6) The first principle of layout is to ensure the wiring pass rate. When moving components, pay attention to the connection of flying wires and put the components with connection relationships together.
(7) Reduce the loop area as much as possible to suppress the radiation interference of the switching power supply.

LED switching power supply PCB board

Step 4

Wiring The switching power supply contains high-frequency signals. Any trace on the PCB can act as an antenna. The length and width of the trace will affect its impedance and inductance, thereby affecting the frequency response. Even traces that pass DC signals can couple to RF signals from adjacent traces and cause circuit problems (even radiate interference signals again). Therefore, all traces that pass AC current should be designed to be as short and wide as possible, which means that all components connected to the traces and to other power lines must be placed very close. The length of the trace is proportional to the inductance and impedance it exhibits, while the width is inversely proportional to the inductance and impedance of the trace. The length reflects the wavelength of the trace response. The longer the length, the lower the frequency of the electromagnetic wave that the trace can send and receive, and it can radiate more RF energy. According to the size of the printed circuit board current, try to increase the width of the power line and reduce the loop resistance. At the same time, make the direction of the power line and ground line consistent with the direction of the current, which helps to enhance the anti-noise ability. Grounding is the bottom branch of the four current loops of the switching power supply. It plays an important role as a common reference point of the circuit. It is an important method to control interference. Therefore, the placement of the grounding wire should be carefully considered in the layout. Mixing various groundings will cause unstable power supply operation.
The following points should be noted in the grounding design:

  1. Correctly select single-point grounding. Usually, the common end of the filter capacitor should be the connection point where other grounding points are coupled to the AC ground of large current. The grounding points of the same circuit should be as close as possible, and the power filter capacitor of the circuit at this level should also be connected to the grounding point of this level. The main consideration is that the current flowing back to the ground from each part of the circuit is changing. The impedance of the actual flowing line will cause the ground potential of each part of the circuit to change and introduce interference. In this switching power supply, the inductance between its wiring and devices has little effect, while the loop current formed by the grounding circuit has a greater impact on interference. Therefore, a single-point grounding is used, that is, the ground wires of several devices in the power switch current loop are connected to the ground pin, and the ground wires of several devices in the output rectifier current loop are also connected to the ground pin of the corresponding filter capacitor. In this way, the power supply works more stably and is not easy to self-excite. When a single point cannot be achieved, two diodes or a small resistor are connected to the common ground. In fact, it can be connected to a relatively concentrated piece of copper foil.
  2. Try to thicken the ground wire. If the ground wire is very thin, the ground potential changes with the change of current, causing the timing signal level of the electronic equipment to be unstable and the anti-noise performance to deteriorate. Therefore, it is necessary to ensure that each large current ground end uses a printed line as short and wide as possible, and try to widen the width of the power and ground wires. The ground wire is wider than the power line. Their relationship is: ground wire>power line>signal line. If possible, the width of the ground wire should be greater than 3mm, or a large copper layer can be used as a ground wire. On the printed circuit board, all unused areas are connected to the ground as ground wires. When performing global wiring, the following principles must be followed:
    (1) Wiring direction: From the welding surface, the arrangement of components should be kept consistent with the schematic diagram as much as possible, and the wiring direction should be consistent with the wiring direction of the circuit diagram. Because various parameters usually need to be tested on the welding surface during the production process, this is convenient for inspection, debugging and maintenance during production (Note: It refers to the premise of meeting the circuit performance and the requirements of the whole machine installation and panel layout).
    (2) When designing the wiring diagram, the wiring should have as few turns as possible, the line width on the printed arc should not change suddenly, the wire corner should be ≄90 degrees, and the lines should be simple and clear.
    (3) No cross circuits are allowed in the printed circuit. For lines that may cross, “drilling” and “winding” can be used to solve them. That is, let a lead “drill” from the gap under the feet of other resistors, capacitors, and transistors In the past, or from one end of a lead that may cross, in special cases, if the circuit is very complicated, in order to simplify the design, it is also allowed to use wire jumper to solve the problem of cross circuit. Because a single-sided board is used, the through-hole components are located on the top surface and the surface-mount components are located on the bottom surface, so when laying out, the through-hole components can overlap with the surface-mount components, but the pads must be avoided from overlapping.
  3. Input ground and output ground This switching power supply is a low-voltage DC-DC. To feed the output voltage back to the primary of the transformer, the circuits on both sides should have a common reference ground, so after the ground wires on both sides are coppered separately, they must be connected together to form a common ground.

Step 5

Inspection: After the wiring design is completed, it is necessary to carefully check whether the wiring design conforms to the rules set by the designer. At the same time, it is also necessary to confirm whether the rules set meet the requirements of the printed circuit board production process. Generally, check whether the distance between lines, lines and component pads, lines and through holes, component pads and through holes, and through holes are reasonable and meet production requirements. Whether the width of the power line and the ground line is appropriate, and whether there is any place in the PCB that can widen the ground line. Note: Some errors can be ignored. For example, part of the outline of some connectors is placed outside the board frame, which will cause errors when checking the spacing; in addition, after each modification of the routing and vias, copper must be re-coated.

LED switching power supply PCB board

Step 6

Review According to the “PCB Checklist”, the content includes design rules, layer definition, line width, spacing, pads, and via settings. It is also necessary to focus on reviewing the rationality of the device layout, the routing of the power and ground network, the routing and shielding of the high-speed clock network, and the placement and connection of the decoupling capacitors.

Step 7

a. The layers that need to be output are the wiring layer (bottom layer), the silk screen layer (including the top silk screen and the bottom silk screen), the solder mask layer (bottom solder mask), the drilling layer (bottom layer), and the drilling file (NCDrill)
b. When setting the layer of the silk screen layer, do not select PartType, select the Outline, Text, and Line of the top (bottom) and silk screen layers
c. When setting the layer of each layer, select Board Outline, and when setting the layer of the silk screen layer, do not select PartType, select the Outline, Text, and Line of the top (bottom) and silk screen layers.
d. When generating the drilling file, use the default settings of PowerPCB and do not make any changes.