What is a breadboard & What is it used for?

September 9th, 2024

In the vast world of electronics, there is a seemingly ordinary but extremely important tool, the breadboard. The breadboard is like a silently dedicated assistant to electronic engineers, building a bridge for electronic enthusiasts and professionals to realize their creativity. So, what exactly is a breadboard? What is its indispensable use?

What is a breadboard?

A breadboard is a board designed and manufactured for solderless experiments on electronic circuits. It has many small jacks, allowing various electronic components to be inserted or removed as needed, eliminating the soldering steps, saving circuit assembly time, and components can be reused, which is very suitable for electronic circuit assembly, debugging and training.

The original intention of the breadboard was to encourage innovation and simplify the learning process of electronic circuits. Its main features include:

No soldering design: users can directly insert electronic components into the jacks of the breadboard without soldering, which greatly reduces the difficulty and complexity of electronic circuit production.

‌Components are reusable‌: Due to the solderless design, users can replace or adjust components in the circuit at any time without re-soldering, which is very beneficial for experiments and learning.

‌Suitable for all kinds of electronic components‌: Whether it is resistors, capacitors, transistors or integrated circuits, they can be easily inserted into the sockets of the breadboard for experiments and tests.

‌Simple structure‌: Breadboards are usually made of plastic blocks and contain a matrix of electrical sockets inside. These sockets are connected within the board, usually in rows of five sockets, forming a complete circuit path.

Why is it called a breadboard?

The reason why the breadboard got its name can be traced back to the era of vacuum tube circuits. At that time, most of the circuit components were large in size, and people usually fixed them to a piece of bread-cutting wood for connection by screws and nails. As the size of circuit components decreased, the name of the breadboard remained.

The origin of this name reflects the historical evolution and technological progress in the field of electronic production, and also reflects the intimacy and recognition of electronic production enthusiasts for this tool.

The original intention of the design of breadboard is to facilitate the assembly, debugging and training of electronic circuits. By providing many small jacks, various electronic components can be inserted or unplugged at will, thus eliminating the trouble of welding, saving the assembly time of the circuit, and the components can be reused, which is very suitable for the non-welding experiment of electronic circuits.

What is a breadboard used for?

Breadboards are mainly used for the design and manufacture of non-welding experiments of electronic circuits. ‌

A breadboard is a board designed and manufactured for the non-welding experiment of electronic circuits. Its characteristics are that there are many small jacks on the board, allowing various electronic components to be inserted or unplugged at will as needed, thus eliminating the welding process and saving the assembly time of the circuit.

In addition, since the components can be reused, breadboards are very suitable for the assembly, debugging and training of electronic circuits. This tool is a must-have for electronic production enthusiasts, and is widely used in electronic engineering, communication engineering, automatic control and other fields.

In practical applications, breadboards can be used for simulation testing and verification in the circuit design stage, as well as for transferring circuits to PCB boards for mass production in the production and manufacturing stage.

In the fields of education and research, breadboards help students and researchers better understand electronic technology and circuit design principles. It can also be used for the development and production of DIY electronic products, robots and other fields, and has a wide range of application prospects.

What types of breadboards are there?

1. Solderless breadboard:

This is the most common type. It consists of many small jacks inside, and the circuit is connected by inserting the pins of electronic components. No soldering is required, which is convenient and fast, suitable for beginners and quick circuit construction and debugging.

There are different specifications and sizes, such as small breadboards are suitable for simple circuit experiments, and large breadboards can accommodate more components to build more complex circuits.

2. Solderless breadboard:

The function is similar to that of the solderless breadboard, and electronic components can be connected without soldering. Usually with colored marking lines or areas, it is easy to distinguish different circuit parts and plan component layout.

Some solderless breadboards also come with power bars and ground bars, which are convenient for providing power and ground connections for the circuit.

3. Multi-hole breadboard:

There are more jacks and a denser layout. More electronic components can be connected, which is suitable for building complex circuits.

Some multi-hole breadboards are also designed with special structures, such as grooves or slots, to facilitate the fixing of wires and components and make the circuit more stable.

4. Breadboard with power supply

The integrated power module can directly provide stable power to the circuit without the need to connect an additional power adapter or battery pack.

The power supply part usually has an adjustable voltage function to meet the power requirements of different electronic components.

5. Transparent breadboard

Made of transparent materials, it is convenient to observe the connection status and component layout inside the circuit, which is very helpful for teaching and circuit debugging.

The appearance of the transparent breadboard is beautiful, which can increase the fun and visualization of circuit construction.

What is a “solderless” breadboard?

A solderless breadboard (also called a solderless test board) is a method that provides convenient interconnection of electronic components without the need for soldering. ‌This breadboard consists of a series of U-shaped metal contacts that are located below the hole grid in the electrically insulating shell.

The component leads and the wire segments inserted through the holes are held under spring tension by the contacts below, thus achieving a solderless connection. Solderless breadboards are particularly suitable for electronic circuit experiments in hobby, education or development environments because they allow users to quickly and easily build and reconfigure circuits while saving the time and cost of soldering.

In addition, solderless breadboards also support the reuse of components, which is very beneficial for learning and training. However, it should be noted that although solderless breadboards provide great convenience, they do not provide a mechanically sturdy interconnection, have limited power handling capabilities, and are not suitable for high-speed circuit applications.

What are the advantages and disadvantages of a breadboard?

The advantages of breadboards are:

1. Convenient and fast operation:

No need to solder, electronic components can be directly inserted into the jacks of the breadboard for circuit connection, which greatly saves the time and workload of circuit construction.

If a connection error is found during the insertion of the component, the component can be easily pulled out and reinserted without damage, reducing the cost and risk of circuit construction.

2. High safety:

Compared with soldered circuits, breadboards do not have safety issues such as burns and electric shocks that may occur during soldering, and are particularly suitable for beginners and students.

There is no need to worry about components being damaged due to improper soldering, which reduces safety hazards in circuit experiments.

3. Suitable for beginners:

For beginners of electronic circuits, breadboard is an ideal learning tool. It can help beginners quickly understand the basic principles and connection methods of circuits, enhance the perceptual understanding of electronic circuits through practical operations, and improve the interest and efficiency of learning.

4. Easy to observe and debug:

The structure of the breadboard is relatively simple, and the circuit connection is clearly visible, which is convenient for users to observe the connection of the circuit and the layout of components.

The advantages of breadboard are:

1. Poor connection stability:

The contact between the jacks on the breadboard and the component pins may not be tight enough, and it is easy to have a virtual connection. Especially after transportation, movement or long-term use, the jacks may become loose, resulting in unstable circuit connection and affecting the normal operation of the circuit.

2. Not suitable for complex circuits:

The number and layout of the jacks of the breadboard are limited. When the number of components in the circuit is large or the circuit structure is complex, the breadboard may not provide enough jacks to connect all the components, limiting the scale and complexity of the circuit.

When there are many connecting wires on the breadboard, it is easy to have chaotic lines, which increases the difficulty of circuit debugging and troubleshooting.

3. Poor high-frequency performance:

The structure and material of the breadboard determine that its high-frequency performance is poor, and it is not suitable for the transmission and processing of high-frequency signals. In high-frequency circuits, the transmission of signals will be affected by the jacks and connecting wires on the breadboard, resulting in signal distortion, attenuation and other problems.

4. Limited current carrying capacity:

The current carrying capacity of the connecting wires and jacks on the breadboard is limited. For high-power electronic components, it may not provide enough current, causing the components to not work properly or damage the breadboard.

Conclusion:

Breadboards are an indispensable tool in the world of electronics. From experiments to troubleshooting, breadboards are an indispensable part of circuit design. They can easily handle modifications, are cost-effective, and are reusable, making them a mainstream product in the electronics field.

Tags: breadboard, PCB, pcb design, PCBA
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What is ceramic material for PCB?

September 9th, 2024

The top ten commonly used ceramic materials:
Common ceramic circuit board materials mainly include 96 aluminum oxide (Al2O3), 99 aluminum oxide (Al2O3), zirconium oxide (ZrO2), aluminum nitride (AlN), silicon carbide (SiC), silicon nitride (Si3N4), piezoelectric ceramics, diamond, sapphire, toughened ceramics (ZTA).

Ceramic PCB Material

Uncommon ceramic circuit board materials
Uncommon ceramic circuit board materials mainly include silicon dioxide (SiO2), titanium zirconium oxide (ZrTiO4), boron nitride (BN), boron carbide (B4C), magnesium oxide (MgO), iron oxide (Fe2O3), cerium oxide (CeO2), silicon nitride (Si3N4), yttrium zirconium oxide (Y2O3-ZrO2), yttrium aluminum oxide (Y3Al5O12), titanium oxide (TiO2), silicon zirconium oxide (ZrSiO4), tungsten carbide (WC), titanium carbide (TiC), titanium nitride (TiN), silicon nitride (SiOxNy).

Alumina ceramic materials

Alumina ceramic materials

1). 99 alumina
99 alumina refers to alumina materials with a purity of 99% or higher. It is usually made of chemically pure alumina or high-purity alumina as raw materials, and is made through multiple processes such as high-temperature calcination, crushing, molding, and sintering. Compared with 96 alumina, 99 alumina has higher chemical purity, density and hardness, as well as better high-temperature stability and corrosion resistance.

99 alumina is widely used in electronics, machinery, chemical industry, aerospace and other fields. In the electronics field, 99 alumina is usually used to manufacture high-frequency electronic components, integrated circuit packaging, dielectrics and other devices; in the mechanical field, 99 alumina is mainly used to manufacture high-hardness ceramic tools, bearing balls, etc.; in the chemical field, 99 alumina can be used to manufacture catalysts and adsorbents; in the aerospace field, 99 alumina is often used to manufacture high-temperature structural parts, aircraft engine parts, etc.

2). 96 alumina
96 alumina, also known as industrial alumina or α-alumina, is a high-purity ceramic material. Its chemical formula is Al2O3, which belongs to oxide ceramics. 96 alumina is usually made of alumina powder through pressing, molding, sintering and other processes. The “96” here means that its aluminum oxide purity reaches more than 96%. 96 alumina has the characteristics of high hardness, high strength, high wear resistance, and good high temperature stability. It is widely used in the manufacture of ceramic products, refractory materials, abrasives, electronic devices and other fields.

Advantages of 99 alumina substrate:

High purity, usually reaching a purity level of 99.99%, excellent electrical properties, high dielectric constant and low dielectric loss.
Good high temperature stability, can work stably in high temperature environment, and can usually withstand temperatures up to 1700℃.
High mechanical strength, high strength, high hardness, not easy to be damaged, and can withstand greater force and pressure.
It has excellent corrosion resistance, is not corroded by most chemical substances, and is suitable for chemical media such as acids and alkalis.
It can be prepared into a thinner substrate, which is conducive to the preparation of microelectronic devices.

Advantages of 96 alumina substrate:
Cheaper than 99 alumina substrate, the cost is relatively low.
It is easier to process than 99 alumina substrate, and can be processed by cutting, drilling and other processing, which is convenient for preparing substrates of various shapes.
In some low-temperature and low-electric field strength applications, the dielectric constant and dielectric loss are lower than those of 99 alumina substrate, and it has better signal transmission performance.

Disadvantages:
Compared with 99 alumina substrate, 96 alumina substrate has lower purity, higher dielectric constant and dielectric loss.
It is prone to brittle fracture in high temperature environment.

Alumina ceramic application industry
99 alumina substrate: suitable for high-power LED, high-voltage integrated circuit, high-temperature sensor, high-frequency electronic components and other fields.
96 alumina substrate: suitable for low-power electronic components, sensors, capacitors, micro relays, microwave components and other fields.

Aluminum nitride ceramic material (AlN)

Aluminum nitride ceramic material (AlN)

Aluminum nitride ceramic is a high-performance ceramic material made of aluminum nitride powder sintered at high temperature. Its main component is aluminum nitride (AlN), which has the characteristics of high melting point (about 2800℃), hardness (9.0 to 9.5Mohs), strength and thermal conductivity. At the same time, it also has good insulation performance, chemical stability and high temperature resistance. Due to these characteristics, Sliton aluminum nitride ceramic circuit boards are widely used in microelectronics, optoelectronics, power electronics, aerospace and other fields.

Advantages

High hardness: The hardness of aluminum nitride is close to that of diamond, which is more than 3 times that of traditional alumina. It can be used to make high-strength mechanical parts.
High strength: Aluminum nitride has high strength, good wear resistance and corrosion resistance, and can be used to make high-load, high-wear and corrosion-resistant parts.
High thermal conductivity: The thermal conductivity of aluminum nitride is very high, reaching 170-230W/(m·K), which is more than 4 times that of traditional aluminum oxide. It can be used to make high-power, high-frequency RF components.
High insulation: The dielectric constant of aluminum nitride is low, about 1/3 of that of traditional aluminum oxide, and can be used to make high-frequency, high-precision microwave components.
Anti-oxidation: Aluminum nitride has good anti-oxidation properties at high temperatures and can be used to make parts in high-temperature environments.

Application of aluminum nitride ceramics
Widely used in semiconductors, aerospace, electronics, military and other fields. For example, it is used to make high-frequency RF devices, microwave components, electronic ceramics, thermistors, high-temperature sensors, etc.

Zirconia ceramic material (ZrO2)

Zirconium oxide ceramic material is a ceramic material with high strength, high hardness, high temperature tolerance, corrosion resistance and good insulation performance. Its chemical formula is ZrO2, and it is usually stabilized to improve the stability and wear resistance of its lattice. Zirconia ceramic material has the characteristics of low thermal conductivity and high melting point, so it is widely used in industrial fields with strict requirements such as high temperature, high pressure, high speed and high precision, such as aerospace, electronics, medical and energy.
Advantages

High hardness: The hardness of zirconia ceramics is very high, usually reaching HRA90 or above, even up to HRA95, which is more than 10 times that of steel.
High strength: Zirconia ceramics have extremely high strength, which can reach 900MPa at room temperature, and can still maintain high strength at high temperature.
Good wear resistance: Zirconia ceramics have high surface flatness and high hardness, so they have good wear resistance.
Good corrosion resistance: Zirconia ceramics are chemically inert and not easily corroded by chemicals such as acids and alkalis, and can operate stably for a long time in harsh environments.
Excellent insulation performance: Zirconia ceramics have excellent insulation performance and can be used for high-voltage insulation materials.
Good high-temperature stability: Zirconia ceramics have extremely high melting points and high-temperature stability, and can be used for a long time in high-temperature environments.

Application of Zirconia Ceramics
Widely used in high-end manufacturing, electronics, aerospace, medical equipment, chemical industry and other fields, such as abrasives, high-temperature structures, pneumatic components, medical equipment, sensors, capacitors, etc.

Silicon carbide ceramic material (SiC)

Silicon carbide is a compound with the chemical formula SiC, which is composed of two elements: silicon and carbon. It is a ceramic material that is resistant to high temperature, corrosion, and extremely hard. It is also an industrial material widely used in extreme environments such as high temperature, high frequency, and high pressure. Silicon carbide has excellent mechanical, electromagnetic, and thermal properties, and is therefore widely used in semiconductors, disks, aerospace, and other fields. In addition, silicon carbide has good semiconductor properties and is also widely used in power electronics, optoelectronics, and other fields.
Advantages

High hardness: The hardness of silicon carbide material is 5 times higher than that of steel and 3 times higher than that of aluminum.
High strength: The strength of silicon carbide material is high, and the tensile strength can reach more than 400MPa.
High temperature resistance: Silicon carbide material has a high melting point and can withstand high temperature thermal shock. The general use temperature is 1200℃-1600℃.
Good oxidation resistance: Silicon carbide material can resist high temperature oxidation corrosion and can be used in air.
Good wear resistance: Silicon carbide material has high hardness, low friction coefficient and good wear resistance.
Good thermal conductivity: Silicon carbide material has excellent thermal conductivity, which is 2-3 times that of metal and can effectively dissipate heat.
Good chemical stability: Silicon carbide material has good chemical stability and will not be corroded by acid, alkali, etc.

Silicon carbide ceramic PCB application
Widely used in high temperature, high pressure, high speed, high load, corrosion resistance and other fields, such as power, electronics, machinery, aviation, metallurgy and other industries.

Silicon nitride ceramic material (Si3N4)

Silicon nitride ceramic material is a high-temperature ceramic material based on nitrogen and silicon elements. It has excellent properties such as high strength, high hardness, high wear resistance, high temperature resistance, oxidation resistance, and corrosion resistance. Its chemical stability is extremely high and is not easily corroded by acids, alkalis, solvents, etc. The hardness of silicon nitride ceramic materials is comparable to that of diamond, or even higher, reaching about 24GPa. It is harder and less prone to wear than ordinary ceramic materials. At the same time, it has good insulation properties and thermal stability, and can work stably for a long time in high temperature environments.

Advantages of silicon nitride ceramic PCB materials

High hardness: The hardness of silicon nitride ceramic materials is close to that of diamond, which can reach more than 30GPa.
High strength: The bending strength of silicon nitride ceramic materials is high, which can reach more than 1000MPa.
High wear resistance: Silicon nitride ceramic materials have good wear resistance and can be used to manufacture high-speed bearings and cutting tools, etc.
High temperature resistance: Silicon nitride ceramic materials have high high temperature resistance and can be used in high temperature environments above 1000°C.
Corrosion resistance: Silicon nitride ceramic materials have excellent corrosion resistance and can be used in some acidic and alkaline working environments.
Lightweight: Silicon nitride ceramic materials are lighter than steel and can be used in lightweight design.

Silicon nitride ceramic PCB applications
Widely used in aerospace, optoelectronics, electronics, semiconductors, machinery and other fields.

Piezoelectric ceramic materials

Piezoelectric ceramic materials are ceramic materials with piezoelectric effect, which can deform under external electric field or mechanical stress, and generate electric charge when deformed. They are usually made of materials such as barium lead oxide (Pb(Zr,Ti)O3) or niobium lead oxide (Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3-PbTiO3) as the main components and sintered.

Advantages

Piezoelectric effect: It can convert mechanical stress into electrical signals, or convert electrical signals into mechanical motion. This effect makes piezoelectric ceramic materials widely used in sensors, actuators, acoustic wave devices and other fields.
Dielectric properties: With high dielectric constant and low dielectric loss, piezoelectric ceramic materials are used as capacitors, filters, etc. in electronic components.
Mechanical properties: With high hardness, strength and wear resistance, piezoelectric ceramic materials are used in mechanical engineering.
Thermal stability: With good thermal stability and high temperature resistance, it can work stably in high temperature environment.
Piezoelectric ceramic PCB applications
Widely used in sensors, actuators, acoustic wave devices, electronic components, mechanical engineering and other fields.

Diamond ceramic material

Diamond ceramic material is a new type of material made by sintering diamond powder and ceramic as raw materials at high temperature and high pressure. Because diamond has extremely high hardness, reaching Mohs hardness level 10, and has excellent wear resistance, corrosion resistance and high temperature oxidation resistance, diamond ceramic material has extremely high physical and chemical properties.

Advantages of diamond ceramic PCB material

Extremely high hardness and strength, more wear-resistant, scratch-resistant and impact-resistant than ordinary ceramic materials;
Excellent corrosion resistance, able to resist corrosive media such as strong acids and alkalis;
Excellent high-temperature oxidation resistance, can be used for a long time at high temperature without damage;
Excellent thermal conductivity and insulation performance;
Easy to process into ceramic products of various shapes and sizes.

Application of diamond ceramic PCB
Diamond ceramic materials are widely used in high-end machinery, electronics, optics, medical and chemical fields, such as bearings, nozzles, cutting tools, hydraulic cylinders, electrical insulation parts, laser parts, etc.

Sapphire ceramic material

Sapphire ceramic material, also known as synthetic sapphire (Synthetic Sapphire), is a man-made single crystal material with excellent properties such as high hardness, high wear resistance and high corrosion resistance. The main component of sapphire ceramic material is aluminum oxide (Al2O3), which is prepared by melting or heat treatment at high temperature.

Advantages of sapphire ceramic material:

High hardness: The hardness of sapphire ceramic material is second only to diamond, and it has high wear resistance.
High corrosion resistance: Sapphire ceramic material has excellent corrosion resistance and can be used stably for a long time in harsh environments such as strong acid and strong alkali.
High light transmittance: Sapphire ceramic material has high light transmittance and can be used in optics, laser and other fields.

Tags: ceramic material, ceramic PCB
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What is Soldering? What Temperature Does Solder Melt?

September 6th, 2024

Soldering is a crucial process in many industries, especially in electronics and metalworking. It involves bonding materials, primarily metals, using a filler material called solder. This process is essential for creating connections that are both electrically conductive and mechanically strong. But what exactly is soldering? At what temperature does solder melt? And what types of solder are most commonly used? This blog will answer these questions and explain why soldering is important.

What is Soldering?

Soldering is a PCB assembly process where two or more metal surfaces are joined by melting and flowing a filler metal (solder) into the joint. Unlike welding, soldering doesn’t melt the base metals. Instead, the filler metal, which has a lower melting point, is used to create a bond between the two surfaces. The process is common in electronics, plumbing, and metalwork, where a strong, conductive connection is needed.

Generally speaking, the commonly used solder materials are tin lead alloy solder, antimony solder, cadmium solder, silver solder, and copper solder. The linear solder used in standard welding operations is called rosin cored solder wire or solder wire. A flux was added to the solder. This flux is composed of rosin and a small amount of active agent. It is very important to set the temperature during welding operation. The most suitable temperature for welding operations is plus 50 degrees at the melting point of the welding used. The set temperature of the soldering iron head, due to the size of the welding part, the power and performance of the soldering iron, and the different types and lines of the solder, it is appropriate to increase 100 degrees on the basis of the above temperature.

The main products of solder are divided into three categories: solder wire, solder bar and solder paste. Applied to all kinds of electronic welding, suitable for manual welding, wave welding, reflow welding and other processes.

What is Soldering Primarily Used For?

Soldering is mainly used in the electronics industry to connect various components on PCBs. Without soldering, it would be nearly impossible to create the intricate electrical connections that power most electronic devices. From mobile phones to computers, soldered joints are everywhere.

Soldering is also widely used in plumbing for joining copper pipes. It creates leak-proof seals that withstand pressure, making it reliable for water supply systems. Additionally, jewelry makers and metalworkers use soldering to join fine pieces of metal. It allows them to create strong, invisible joints without damaging delicate components.

What Temperature Does Solder Melt?

The melting point of solder depends on the type of solder being used. Solder typically comes in two main varieties: leaded and lead-free.

Leaded Solder

The most common composition of leaded solder is a mixture of tin (Sn) and lead (Pb), typically in a 60/40 ratio. This type of solder melts at around 183°C (361°F). Leaded solder has been used for decades due to its reliable melting point and easy flow properties, making it ideal for electronics.

Lead-Free Solder

Lead-free solder is now more widely used due to health and environmental regulations. Lead-free solder typically contains a mix of tin, copper, and sometimes silver. Its melting point is slightly higher, around 217°C (423°F). Although it requires more heat, lead-free solder is considered safer and more environmentally friendly.

It’s important to note that different solders may have varying melting points depending on their specific composition. Always check the specifications of the solder you’re using to ensure you apply the correct temperature.

Does Solder Have Lead?

Not all solder contains lead. Leaded solder was once the standard for many years, especially in the electronics industry. However, due to the harmful effects of lead exposure, leaded solder is being phased out, particularly in consumer electronics.

Lead-free solder is now the preferred option, especially for products sold in regions that regulate the use of hazardous materials. The shift to lead-free solder has become more prevalent with the Restriction of Hazardous Substances (RoHS) directive, which bans the use of lead in many electrical and electronic products. Today, many manufacturers and companies use lead-free solder for health and environmental reasons.

While lead-free solder is generally considered safer, leaded solder is still used in some industries due to its lower melting point and reliability in certain applications.

What is the Melting Point of Solder?

The melting point of solder depends on its composition, but the most commonly used solders have predictable melting temperatures:

Leaded Solder: 183°C (361°F)

Lead-Free Solder: 217°C (423°F)

These are standard temperatures, but other specialized solders may melt at higher or lower temperatures. For instance, silver-bearing solders may melt at higher temperatures, while low-temperature solders for specific applications can melt as low as 138°C (280°F).

Knowing the exact melting point of your solder is important because using the wrong temperature can lead to poor joints or even damage to components. In electronics, overheating can affect sensitive components, while underheating can result in weak or unreliable connections.

What is Lead-Free Solder Made of?

Lead-free solder typically contains a mixture of metals designed to mimic the properties of traditional leaded solder. The most common lead-free solder composition is a mix of tin (Sn), copper (Cu), and sometimes silver (Ag). This combination ensures a solid joint while keeping the melting point manageable.

Tin (Sn): The main ingredient in most solders, providing strength and flexibility.

Copper (Cu): Helps to enhance the mechanical strength of the solder joint.

Silver (Ag): Sometimes added to improve conductivity and joint strength, though this increases cost.

Lead-free solder is used to create safer work environments, particularly in industries where workers are regularly exposed to soldering fumes. It is also more environmentally friendly as it reduces the risks associated with lead contamination.

Is Tenshan Lead-Free?

Yes, most manufacturers, including Tenshan, now offer lead-free solder options in compliance with environmental standards. Lead-free solders, like those provided by Tenshan, are designed for use in various industries, ensuring safe and effective soldering without the risks associated with lead exposure.

Lead-free products from companies like Tenshan are developed to meet both performance and safety standards. These solders deliver excellent bonding capabilities without compromising the health of the workers or the environment. With the growing emphasis on eco-friendly practices, lead-free options are becoming the preferred choice for many applications.

Tags: melting point of solder, solder melt, solder temperature
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What is MCPCB? Its function and performance

September 6th, 2024

MCPCB (Metal Core Printed Circuit Board) is a key component in modern electronics, especially in terms of heat management. It is widely used in LEDs and can be found in almost all LED products. From LED applications to power electronics, MCPCB plays a vital role in ensuring that devices remain cool, efficient and long-lasting.

What is MCPCB?

‌MCPCB‌, full name Metal Core PCB, is also known as aluminum substrate or aluminum-based circuit board. It is a type of circuit board that attaches the original printed circuit board to a metal with better thermal conductivity to improve the heat dissipation performance at the circuit board level.

This metal-based printed circuit board usually uses aluminum as the substrate, but also includes the use of other metals such as copper or other high thermal conductivity materials. The design of MCPCB combines the high thermal conductivity of metal with the flexibility of printed circuit boards, making it widely used in various industrial electronic devices.

Especially in the LED industry, MCPCB has become an indispensable component due to its strong magnetic conductivity and excellent heat dissipation. In addition, in the production process of MCPCB, in addition to using aluminum substrates, fiberglass boards (FR-4) are also used for some designs, but special heat dissipation pads need to be designed and fixed by screws or glue.

What is the use of MCPCB?

The main use and advantage of MCPCB (metal core printed circuit board) lies in its excellent heat dissipation performance. ‌

MCPCB, full name Metal Core PCB, is a printed circuit board attached to a metal with better heat conduction effect, thereby improving the heat dissipation at the circuit board level.

This design not only improves the heat dissipation performance of the circuit board, but also has some specific application restrictions, such as the temperature cannot exceed 140℃ when the circuit system is operating, which is determined by the characteristic limitations of the dielectric layer.

During the manufacturing process, the temperature must not exceed 250℃~300℃, which must be understood in advance before passing the tin furnace. This design of MCPCB makes it widely used in many fields, including but not limited to:

‌LED lights‌: used for spotlights, high-current PCBs, high-current LEDs, street safety applications, etc.

‌Automotive electronics‌: used in power conditioners, ignition tools, switching converters, variable optical systems, and motors for electric and hybrid vehicles.

‌Power supply equipment‌: such as DC-DC converters, voltage regulators, high-density power conversion, and switching regulators.

‌Audio equipment‌: balanced, input-output, audio, power supply, and pre-shielded amplifiers.

‌Home appliances‌: flat panel displays, motor controls, etc.

‌OA equipment‌: large electronic display substrates, thermal print heads, and printer drivers.

The unique combination of MCPCB (metal plate, insulation layer, and additional copper foil) provides strong magnetic conductivity and excellent heat dissipation, which is particularly important in the LED industry.

In addition, the high thermal conductivity of MCPCB allows the generated heat to dissipate quickly, preventing heat accumulation and ensuring that the LED operates within the optimal temperature range, which plays an important role in improving the performance, thermal management, and overall reliability of UV LEDs.

What is the difference between FR4 and MCPCB?

The main difference between FR4 and MCPCB (metal matrix printed circuit board) is their heat dissipation performance, material composition, and application areas. ‌

1. Heat dissipation performance:

FR4 has a low thermal conductivity and its heat dissipation performance is not as good as MCPCB. MCPCB is based on its metal core (usually aluminum or copper), and transfers heat to the heat sink through the thermal conductive dielectric layer and the metal substrate, and has good heat dissipation ability.

2. Material composition:

FR4 is a multi-layer printed circuit board material composed of glass fiber cloth and epoxy resin. It has good electrical and mechanical processing performance, but general heat dissipation performance.

MCPCB attaches the original printed circuit board to a metal with better thermal conductivity. The design of the metal substrate and the thermal conductive dielectric layer significantly improves the heat dissipation efficiency.

3. Application field:

FR4 is widely used in electronic equipment that requires basic heat dissipation requirements due to its low cost and good electrical performance.

MCPCB is often used in high-power, high-heat-intensive application scenarios due to its excellent heat dissipation performance, such as TVs, monitors and other cost-sensitive products.

In summary, MCPCB has better heat dissipation performance than FR4 through its metal substrate and optimized thermal conductivity design, and is particularly suitable for application scenarios that require high-performance heat dissipation.

What is the structure of MCPCB?

The structure of MCPCB consists of a circuit layer (copper foil layer), a thermal insulation layer and a metal base layer. ‌

‌Circuit layer‌ (copper foil layer): It requires a large current carrying capacity, so thicker copper foil should be used, and the thickness is generally between 35μm~280μm.

‌Thermal insulation layer‌: This is the core technology of PCB aluminum substrate, usually composed of special polymers filled with special ceramics, with low thermal resistance, excellent viscoelastic properties and resistance to thermal aging, and can withstand mechanical and thermal stress.

‌Metal base layer‌: Aluminum or copper metal is used as the base material of the circuit board, and a layer of copper foil or copper plate metal plate is attached to the substrate as a circuit to improve problems such as poor heat dissipation.

How thick is the copper in MCPCB?

The thickness of copper foil in MCPCB is generally 35μm~280μm. ‌

The structure of MCPCB (Metal Core PCB) consists of circuit layer (copper foil layer), thermal conductive insulation layer and metal base layer. The circuit layer requires a large current carrying capacity, so thicker copper foil should be used.

Such thickness can meet the demand of high current carrying capacity. The use of such copper foil guarantees the superiority of MCPCB in electrical performance and thermal conductivity.

What is the thermal conductivity of MCPCB?

The thermal conductivity of MCPCB varies with the materials used, but is generally much higher than that of standard FR4 PCB. Most MCPCBs have a thermal conductivity in the range of 1 W/mK to 5 W/mK. In contrast, the thermal conductivity of FR4 boards is about 0.3 W/mK, which makes them much less efficient in heat dissipation.

The advantage of MCPCB is that its heat dissipation performance is significantly better than that of standard FR-4 structure. This advantage is not only reflected in the thermal conductivity of the dielectric used, which is far higher than that of conventional epoxy glass, but also in its heat transfer efficiency, with a thermal transfer index of one-tenth the thickness being more efficient than that of traditional rigid PCB.

What is MCPCB led?

MCPCB LED refers to a light-emitting diode (LED) that uses a metal core printed circuit board (MCPCB) as a heat dissipation substrate. This technology uses a metal core printed circuit board as a heat dissipation substrate for LEDs to improve the heat dissipation performance of the LED, thereby ensuring stable operation and extending the service life of the LED.

MCPCB is a special printed circuit board in which the metal core acts as a thermal conductive layer, which can effectively conduct the heat generated by the LED to avoid overheating that affects the performance and life of the LED.

In addition, the design and manufacture of MCPCB also consider the needs of electrical connections and physical support to ensure the reliability and stability of the LED module. With the increasing application of high-power LEDs, MCPCB technology has been favored for its excellent heat dissipation performance and has become one of the key technologies in high-power LED packaging.

Conclusion:

MCPCB has a unique structure, including a conductive metal base, a dielectric insulation layer, and a copper circuit layer, which can provide a reliable solution to the heat dissipation challenges in modern electronic products. As the demand for high-performance electronic products continues to grow, the demand for advanced materials such as MCPCB will also continue to grow to meet these thermal management challenges.

Tags: MCPCB, Metal Core, PCB, PCBA
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Do LED lights need a circuit board?

September 5th, 2024

LED lights have become an integral part of modern lighting solutions, featuring energy-saving, durability, and versatility. But a common question is, do you think LED lights need a circuit board to work?

What is a LED circuit board?

An LED circuit board is a platform used to power and control light-emitting diodes (LEDs). Essentially, it is the basis for connecting all the necessary electronic components (such as resistors, capacitors, and diodes) to ensure that the LED operates safely and efficiently.

Circuit boards used for LEDs are usually metal core printed circuit boards (MCPCBs) because they have excellent heat dissipation properties. This is important because although LEDs are highly efficient, they still generate heat. Without proper heat management, this can lead to poor performance or shortened life of the LED.

The design and manufacture of LED circuit boards involves many aspects, including the layout of the board, the soldering of components, and the design of the driver circuit. The driver circuit is the core part of the LED circuit board, which is responsible for converting the input AC power into DC power suitable for LED use, while providing stable current and voltage to ensure the normal operation and long life of the LED.

LED circuit boards are used in a wide range of applications, from small consumer electronics to industrial lighting and automotive headlights. They provide a simplified way to control and adjust LEDs while ensuring effective heat management.

How to make a LED light circuit board?

The process of making an LED light circuit board involves multiple steps, including soldering, self-testing, cleaning, grinding, and wiring.

1. Soldering:

Determine the direction of the light, the side with the black rectangle is the negative end. Determine the direction of the circuit board, the end with the inner and outer wiring ports is the upper left corner. Start from the upper left light and solder in sequence to ensure that each solder joint is full and clean, without cold solder joints or leaks.

2. Self-test:

After completing the soldering, check whether the solder joints have cold solder joints, leaks, etc. Use a multimeter to touch the positive and negative terminals of the circuit board to check whether the LED lights are on at the same time.

3. Cleaning:

Use 95% alcohol to scrub the circuit board to remove residues.

4. Rubbing:

Remove the LED light circuit board from the entire board, use fine sandpaper to grind off the burrs on the edges, and make the circuit board flat.

5. Wiring:

Use blue and black thin wires to connect the circuit board. The wiring point close to the inner circle is negative and connected to the black wire; the wiring point close to the outer circle is positive and connected to the red wire. Make sure the wire is connected from the back to the front.

6. Final self-check:

Check the wiring to ensure that each wire passes through the pad and the length of the wires on both sides of the pad left on the surface is as short as possible to ensure that the circuit board can work properly.

Each step is crucial, especially the welding and wiring parts, which need to be carefully operated to ensure the performance and safety of the circuit board.

How should an LED be connected in a circuit?

LEDs should be connected to the circuit through the correct wiring method to ensure their normal operation and extend their life. ‌

First of all, there are three main wiring methods for LEDs: two-end wiring, single-end wiring and staggered wiring.

Two-end wiring is a commonly used wiring method in the early days. It is characterized by convenient wiring and simple operation. It is suitable for the replacement of fluorescent tubes.

Single-ended wiring is a safer wiring method, in which one end of the LED tube is not wired, and the two pins on the other end are respectively wired to the constant current drive power supply. This wiring method ensures that if one end of the LED tube is connected to AC power, the other end will never be charged.

Staggered wiring is an innovative wiring method that is compatible with a variety of electronic ballasts and can work normally without a starter.

When connecting LEDs, you need to pay attention to the following points:

Correctly distinguish the positive and negative poles of the LED, which can usually be judged by observing the appearance, using a multimeter or battery. Connect the anode of the LED to the positive pole of the power supply and the cathode to the negative pole of the power supply to ensure that the LED works properly.

Use appropriate resistors to limit the current to protect the LED from damage by overcurrent. The resistance value should be calculated based on the power supply voltage, the rated voltage of the LED, and the required current.

Keep the LED dry, avoid moisture or static interference, and pay attention to the temperature to avoid excessively high temperatures that affect its life and performance.

For the power connection of LED light strings, two basic forms can be used: positive connection and negative connection. The positive and negative poles of each light string correspond to the positive and negative poles of the power supply. When a large number of LED lights are connected in series, it is more practical to adopt a series-parallel combination strategy, and the number of parallel groups is determined by calculating the rated current of the power supply. ‌

Do LED lights need special wiring?

LED lights do not require special wiring, but it is necessary to determine whether a grounding wire is required based on the specific situation of the lamp. ‌

LED lights are usually designed without special wiring because they can be directly connected to AC power, thanks to the built-in rectifier of LED lights.

When installing LED lights, it is important to understand the difference between the live wire and the neutral wire, because although LED lights themselves work under DC power, they usually have built-in rectifiers and can be directly connected to household AC power.

When replacing traditional fluorescent tubes, it is necessary to remove the original ballast and starter, and directly connect the live wire and the neutral wire to both ends of the LED tube.

Regarding the issue of grounding wires, most LED lights on the market are double-insulated designs, which means that their housing and structure have met safety requirements, so no grounding wire is required. However, for lamps with metal shells, grounding is necessary to prevent people from getting electric shock when touching the bare metal.

In addition, if the bulb has a grounding wire, it is better to connect it, which can better ensure safety. It should be noted that Class III lamps are not allowed to be grounded because they use safety extra low voltage (SELV) and should be isolated from high voltage using an isolation transformer, and should not be grounded.

In summary, although LED lamps do not require special wiring, you should pay attention to safe wiring methods during installation, and judge whether a grounding wire is required according to the specific situation of the lamp to ensure safety and prevent the risk of electric shock.

Where to put resistor in LED circuit board?

In the LED circuit, the resistor should be placed between the positive pole of the LED and the first LED, that is, in front of each string of lamp beads. ‌ This placement does not depend on the specific location of the resistor, because the resistor and the LED are in series, which means that whether the resistor is placed in front of, behind, in the middle of each string of lamp beads, or anywhere randomly, the effect is the same.

This is because the main function of the resistor is to control the current through the LED by consuming a certain voltage and current, ensuring that the LED operates at a normal operating current and avoiding damage to the LED due to excessive current.

It is worth noting that although the position of the resistor has little effect on the LED, in actual circuit design, considering the simplicity and safety of the circuit, the resistor is usually placed close to the positive pole of the power supply. This design can avoid too many connection points in the circuit, thereby simplifying the circuit structure.

Conclusion:

LED lights usually require circuit boards for optimal performance, especially in complex or high-power applications. LED circuit boards ensure proper heat dissipation and current regulation, which are key factors in ensuring the service life and efficiency of the lighting system. BEST Technology has accumulated rich manufacturing experience in the design of LED circuit boards, and various different LED light circuits can be designed to the top level.

Tags: LED, PCB, PCBA
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How to Calculate Current Carrying Capacity in PCB Vias?

September 5th, 2024

What are vias in PCB design?

Via hole is one of the important components of multi-layer PCB, and the cost of drilling usually accounts for 30% to 40% of the PCB board cost. Simply put, every hole on the PCB can be called a pass hole. From the function point of view, the hole can be divided into two categories: one is used as an electrical connection between the layers. The second is used as the fixing or positioning of the device.

How to Calculate Current Carrying Capacity in PCB Vias?

From a manufacturing process perspective, vias can be divided into three types: blind vias, buried vias, and through vias:

Blind vias: These connect the surface layer to an internal layer, without going through the entire board. Their depth is typically related to the hole diameter.

Buried vias: Located inside the PCB, they don’t reach the surface.

Through vias: These pass through the entire board and are the most common due to their lower manufacturing cost and simpler process.

How to make PCB vias?

Typically, PCB vias are produced following the IPC-2 standard, where the copper thickness in the hole is around 0.8 mil to 1 mil. However, in practice, the copper plating might not be uniform, and the thinnest part could be as narrow as 0.7 mil, affecting the current-carrying capacity.

Generally, the conventional PCB board is produced according to IPC-2 standard, where the copper thickness in the hole is around 0.8 mil to 1 mil (you can check the specific content of the IPC-2 standard). The hole that we think is produced during production is this ideal situation (as shown below), the size of the hole is regular, and the thickness of the hole copper is very symmetrical:

However, in practice, the copper plating might not be uniform. As you can see, the copper plating thickness of the perforated wall of the PCB produced in general may be wide up and down, and narrow in the middle, so the narrowest limit may be 0.7mil. It can be imagined that if the current carrying situation is evaluated, it should be calculated according to the smallest and smallest cross-sectional area, but the smallest cross-sectional area is deviated from the actual design value. But actually, a good PCB manufacturer can help to save much time and money for you, you can see the via holes cross-sectional made by Best Technology and others.

What Is the Current Carrying Capacity of a Via?

The current-carrying capacity of a via refers to the maximum current it can safely handle. In PCB design, vias are essential components that connect traces between layers, and their size and shape directly impact how much current they can carry. Factors affecting current capacity include via diameter, number of vias, and placement.

The current carrying capacity of a via hole refers to the current that can be safely carried by the hole. In PCB design, the hole is a key component connecting the layers of printed wires. Their size and shape directly affect the ability of current to pass through. The current carrying capacity of the hole is not only related to the diameter of the hole, but also affected by the uneven current distribution. That is, when multiple holes are actually placed, the current distribution is not equal, which is related to the distribution, quantity and location of the hole. Therefore, evaluating the current carrying capacity of the holes requires consideration of a variety of factors, including the size and number of holes, and their layout on the board.

For instance, a 12 mil via can safely carry around 1.2A of current. However, increasing the via size (e.g., to 16 mil, 20 mil, or 24 mil) doesn’t necessarily yield a proportional increase in current capacity. A recommended via size for optimal current handling is 10-12 mil.

In some cases, the current carrying capacity of the through hole can be evaluated by DC simulation software, such as using tools such as Allegro’s IR Drop. These tools can help designers more accurately predict and optimize the performance of the board.

How to Calculate Current Carrying Capacity in PCB Via?

The current-carrying capacity of a via can be simplified by using a trace model calculation. The formula is:

I = 0.048 * T^0.44 * A^0.75

Where:

I is the maximum allowable current in amperes (A).

T is the maximum temperature rise in degrees Celsius.

A is the cross-sectional area of the via, measured in square mils.

For the cross-sectional area of the via: A = π * (D + Tk) * Tk

Where:

D is the via’s diameter.

Tk is the copper thickness, typically around 20 μm (0.8 mil) according to IPC-2 or IPC-3 standards.

In high-density interconnect (HDI) boards, due to manufacturing constraints, the copper thickness may be reduced to as low as 10 μm.

PCB Via Current Calculator Per IPC 2152

IPC-2152 replaces the 50-year-old IPC-2221B standard. IPC-2221B identifies in a series of diagrams the connection between the PCB’s temperature rise, the current in the track, and the cross-sectional area of the track without multilayer boards.

IPC-2152 outlines the relationship of thermal conductivity, through hole, board material, and thickness to current, trace cross section, copper weight, and temperature. It can also determine the exact values of external and internal traces. IPC-2152 is not only a real-time protection program, but it also helps PCB designers model safe and appropriate designs. The Best Technology Wire Width and current Capacity calculator is based on this standard. You can calculate the trace area and current capacity for a given temperature rise.

The figure below is the calculation chart of the cross-sectional area of the through-hole given by IPC 2152. The formula of the cross-sectional area of the through-hole wall in the above figure is transformed, where D is the empty outer diameter, D is the inner diameter of the hole, and (d-d)/2 is the thickness of the hole wall, also known as the through-hole copper thickness. Where D is the empty outer diameter, D is the inner diameter of the hole, and (d-d)/2 is the thickness of the hole wall, also known as the thickness of copper through the hole. The copper thickness through the hole is not determined, and the copper thickness of each PCB manufacturer may be different. If you want to pass a larger current through the hole, it may be better to punch several more through the hole.

Then you can get a new formula of calculating cross sectional area of hole wall:

A typical example is calculating the via size based on a 20°C temperature rise and a 1A current.

Given:

Copper thickness of 1 oz (1.38 mil)

Current carrying capacity of 1A

Maximum temperature rise of 20°C

From the IPC-2152 Conservative Chart, the cross-sectional area corresponding to these conditions is 28 mil². Using the equation for the via’s cross-sectional area, you can calculate the via’s diameter.

From the chart, the required cross-sectional area is 28 mil².

The copper thickness is 1.38 mil.

Solving for the via diameter, we get:

d = 7.28 mil (0.185 mm)

Thus, a via with an internal diameter of 0.185 mm will safely carry a 1A current with a 20°C temperature rise.

Best Technology’s Via Current Capacity Calculator

Best Technology offers a current capacity calculator for PCB vias to ensure that designs meet specific current-carrying needs. The tool allows designers to input their parameters, such as via diameter and copper thickness, and outputs the current-carrying capacity value. Clik below image to use or click here: via current capacity calculator

Tags: current carrying capacity, PCB via current calculator, PCB via current calculator per IPC 2152
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10 Common Components on a PCBA for Beginners

September 4th, 2024

Even though we live in a world full of electronic gadgets, electronic devices are still shrouded in mystery. The working principle of electronic projects may seem very abstract, as the interior of these gadgets does not seem to have any visible mechanical parts. There are no moving parts such as gears or shafts on the printed circuit board, nor any significant visual changes.

The flow of electricity is invisible and can only be perceived by the effect it produces. Therefore, for those who want to dabble in the field of electronics making, making electronics as a hobby can seem like an extremely challenging task. It seems hard to imagine building something without fully understanding the principles behind it.

What does PCBA mean?

PCBA is the abbreviation of Printed Circuit Board Assembly, which refers to the process of welding, inserting, etc. of electronic components to the circuit board, and welding, inserting, etc. PCBA is an indispensable and important link in the manufacture of electronic products, which directly affects the performance stability and service life of electronic products.

The manufacturing process of PCBA mainly includes components mounting, welding, post-welding processing and functional testing. The first is the component mounting, which is a process of welding the patch components, plug-in components, etc., to the PCB. Then there is welding, through traditional wave soldering or modern lead-free welding and other methods, the components are firmly fixed on the PCB. After that, the welding process is mainly to remove the welding slag on the PCBA surface, clean the PCBA surface, and check the solder joints and components of PCBA. Finally, the functional test is carried out, which is the last step in the PCBA process, and the PCBA is fully functional tested by various test equipment to ensure the stability and reliability of PCBA.

Applications of PCBA

PCBA products are widely used in various electronic products, such as household appliances, communication equipment, automotive electronics, industrial control equipment, etc. You can see it everywhere.

Different electronic products have different requirements for PCBA. Some require PCBA to be small and exquisite, some require PCBA to be high temperature and high pressure resistant, and some require PCBA to be waterproof and dustproof. With the rapid development of 5G, artificial intelligence, Internet of Things and other fields, PCBA will be more widely used, and PCBA’s performance and reliability requirements will also be higher.

Common components on a PCBA and their symbols

1. Resistor

Resistors are one of the most commonly used electronic components in PCBA, used to limit the current in the circuit. According to different materials, structures, and resistance values, resistors can be divided into fixed resistors, variable resistors, and special resistors. Resistors are widely used in various circuits, such as power circuits, amplification circuits, signal processing circuits, etc., to achieve current regulation and control.

2. Capacitor

A capacitor is a component that stores charge and electrical energy, with the characteristic of blocking direct current and passing alternating current. In PCBA, capacitors are commonly used in circuits such as filtering, coupling, tuning, and bypassing to improve circuit performance and stability. According to their different structures and applications, capacitors can be divided into fixed capacitors, variable capacitors, and fine tuned capacitors.

3. Inductor

Inductor, also known as induction coil, has the function of storing magnetic energy. In circuits, inductors can prevent changes in current and play a role in filtering and stabilizing the current. Inductance has a wide range of applications in power filtering, signal processing, and other fields.

4. Diode

A diode is an electronic component with unidirectional conductivity, widely used in circuits such as rectification, detection, and voltage regulation. In PCBA, diodes can achieve functions such as voltage regulation, signal amplification, and switch control in the circuit. Common diodes include silicon diodes and germanium diodes, whose performance parameters such as forward voltage drop and reverse breakdown voltage determine their application scenarios.

5. Transistor

Transistors are electronic components with functions such as amplification and switching, and are the core components that make up various circuits. In PCBA, transistors are commonly used in amplification circuits, oscillation circuits, switch circuits, etc. to achieve signal amplification, frequency conversion, and circuit control. There are many types of transistors, including bipolar transistors, field-effect transistors, etc., each with its own characteristics, widely used in various electronic devices.

6. IC Integrated circuit

Integrated circuit is an electronic component that integrates multiple electronic components on a single chip, with advantages such as small size, low power consumption, and stable performance. In PCBA, integrated circuits are key components for implementing various complex functions, such as digital signal processing, analog signal processing, communication interfaces, etc. Common integrated circuits include operational amplifiers, logic gate circuits, microprocessors, etc., which are widely used in various intelligent devices and systems.

7. Sensor

Sensors can sense physical quantities or states in the environment and convert them into electrical signals for output. In PCBA, sensors are commonly used to detect parameters such as temperature, humidity, light, pressure, etc., providing data support for intelligent control of electronic devices. There are various types of sensors with different performances, and choosing the appropriate sensor is crucial for improving the performance and user experience of electronic devices.

8. Controllable silicon rectifier (SCR)

Also known as thyristors, silicon controlled rectifiers (SCR) are similar to transistors and diodes – their working principle is essentially the coordinated operation of two transistors. Although SCR also has three pins, they are composed of four layers of silicon material instead of three layers, and are only used as switches, not amplifiers. Unlike single transistors that require continuous current to remain on, SCR only requires one pulse to activate the switch. They are very suitable for converting large amounts of electricity.

9. Crystal oscillator

Crystal oscillators provide clock signals in many circuits that require precise and stable timing. By physically oscillating piezoelectric materials (such as crystals), they generate periodic electronic signals, hence their name. Each crystal oscillator is designed to vibrate at a specific frequency, which is more stable, economical, and smaller in size than other timing methods. That’s why they are commonly used for precise timing in microcontrollers, or more commonly as clock components in quartz watches.

10. Switches and relays

A basic and easily overlooked component, a switch is simply a power button that controls the current in a circuit by switching between open or closed circuits. They vary greatly in appearance, from sliders, rotations, buttons, levers, toggles, key switches, and more. Similarly, a relay is an electromagnetic switch that operates through a solenoid, acting like a temporary magnet when a current flows through it. They act as switches and amplify small currents into larger ones.

Now that you’re familiar with some basic electronic components, why not dive into creating your own electronics project? Instead of starting with a complex project featuring advanced functions, begin with a few simple ones. As with any hobby, you’ll encounter challenges along the way, but these hurdles are not insurmountable. With accessible and affordable beginner electronics tools like Arduino and CAD tools, the maker community welcomes new PCB designs and projects every day.

In addition to PCB manufacturing, Best Technology offers a full turnkey service, including parts procurement and assembly. Whether you’re working on prototypes or scaling up to mass production, Best Team provides a one-stop solution for seamless and hassle-free PCB assembly.

Tags: cp, pcba assembly
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What is an amplifier board? Its functions and types

September 4th, 2024

A power amplifier board is a circuit board specially designed to enhance audio signals. It is the core component of the audio system, which can enhance weak signals to a level that can effectively power speakers or other output devices. In modern audio equipment, the existence of power amplifier boards is indispensable.

What is an amplifier board?

The amplifier board is an important part of the amplifier, which is mainly responsible for the power amplification function, that is, converting low-level signals into high-level signals to drive the speakers to produce loud and clear sounds.

The amplifier board is usually composed of a power amplifier device and a speaker protection device, and its effect directly affects the performance of the entire amplifier.

The difference between the amplifier board and the amplifier is that the amplifier usually contains a preamplifier, a post-amplifier and an output stage, etc., and is a complete unit suitable for larger occasions such as KTV rooms and theaters.

The amplifier board mainly contains a post-amplifier and an output stage, lacks a preamplifier, is smaller in size, has lower power, and is more suitable for personal use, such as home theaters. In addition, the price of the amplifier is higher, while the price of the amplifier board is relatively cheap.

What does an amplifier board do?

The main function of the amplifier board is to amplify the sound signal and increase the power of the audio signal, so that the sound is clearer and louder. ‌

What is an amplifier board? Its functions and types

The amplifier board plays a vital role in audio equipment. It is mainly responsible for converting the power of audio signals so that higher sound output can be produced in a relatively small space.

In the audio circuit, the role of the amplifier board is particularly obvious. It works together with components such as preamplifiers, control amplifiers, power amplifiers and speakers to amplify the input audio signals through the amplifier board and convert them into clear and high-fidelity sounds, achieving high-quality performance of the audio.

In addition, the use of amplifier boards can make audio equipment more powerful, not only providing more beautiful sound effects, but also better protecting the stability of the audio equipment itself. Therefore, amplifier boards are widely used as important components in the production of audio equipment.

In summary, the amplifier board amplifies the power of the audio signal, allowing the audio equipment to output higher quality and louder sound, thereby enhancing the listening experience. Whether it is a professional audio or a home theater system, the amplifier board is an indispensable component‌.

How does an amplifier board work?

The working principle of the amplifier board is mainly based on the principles of electronic engineering and physics. Through the combination of amplifiers and power supplies, the input signal is amplified and output to the speaker. ‌

The core component of the power amplifier board is the amplifier, which has many types, such as voltage amplifier, current amplifier, damping amplifier, etc. Each type of amplifier has different amplification effects and signal transmission methods.

When the input signal is transmitted to the power amplifier board through the amplifier, the energy supplied by the power supply makes the level of the output signal greater than the input signal level, thereby playing the role of amplifying the signal. In this process, the power supply provides energy to the amplifier in the form of direct current to control the waveform and frequency of the output signal.

From a technical point of view, the power amplifier board is like a current modulator, which converts alternating current into direct current, and then is controlled by the sound signal played by the sound source to transmit currents of different sizes to the speakers at different frequencies, so that the speakers emit sounds of corresponding sizes and frequencies.

The working modes of the power amplifier include Class A power amplifier, Class B power amplifier and Class AB power amplifier, each type has its own characteristics and applicable scenarios.

In short, the working principle of the power amplifier board involves the interaction of multiple physical and electronic engineering principles. Through carefully designed circuits and components, the input audio signal is amplified and output to the speaker, thereby producing the sound we hear‌.

What are the different types of amplifier boards?

There are four main types of amplifier boards: Class A, Class B, Class AB, and Class D. ‌

1. Class A amplifier:

Class A amplifiers are amplifiers in which no power output element of the amplifier will experience current cutoff (i.e. stop output) during the entire cycle of the signal. This type of amplifier generates high heat when working and has very low efficiency, but the inherent advantage is that there is no crossover distortion.

Class A amplifiers have the best linearity and almost no distortion, so they can provide high-quality audio amplification with pure and realistic sound quality. However, due to low efficiency, Class A amplifiers have high body temperatures and require good heat dissipation design.

2. Class B amplifiers:

Class B amplifiers work completely differently from Class A amplifiers. In Class B amplifiers, the positive and negative channels of the transistors are usually in a closed state unless there is a signal input. This means that when there is no signal input, the output transistors do not conduct electricity and consume no power.

When there is a signal, each pair of output tubes amplifies half of the waveform, and takes turns to complete a full-wave amplification, thus generating crossover distortion. The advantage of Class B amplifiers is high efficiency, but the sound begins to distort when the signal is very low, and the sound becomes rough.

3. Class AB amplifiers:

Class AB amplifiers combine the characteristics of Class A and Class B. They use Class A when the signal is small, and gradually transition to Class B working mode as the signal increases. This method aims to balance the high fidelity of Class A with the high efficiency of Class B, reduce crossover distortion, and improve efficiency.

4. Class D amplifiers:

Class D amplifiers are high-efficiency amplifiers that achieve high-efficiency conversion through high-frequency pulse width modulation technology. The design of Class D amplifiers makes it consume almost no power when there is no signal input, and when there is a signal input, it amplifies the signal through high-frequency switching, thereby achieving high-efficiency energy conversion.

The advantage of Class D amplifiers is extremely high efficiency, but the design is relatively complex and requires precise control circuits to ensure sound quality.

In summary, different types of amplifiers have their own characteristics in terms of efficiency, sound quality, application scenarios, etc. Choosing the right type of amplifier depends on specific application requirements and personal preferences.

What are the disadvantages of amplifier board?

The disadvantages of amplifier boards mainly include high power consumption, high cost, high distortion, severe digital flavor, and cold sound. ‌

1. High power consumption and high cost:

Due to its working mode, Class A amplifiers have the problems of high power consumption and high cost. This type of amplifier performs well in bass performance and distortion control, but the corresponding energy consumption and cost investment are also high.

2. High distortion:

Digital amplifiers may generate noise and nonlinear distortion during digital conversion, which will affect the sound quality. In addition, digital amplifiers have high requirements for power supply noise processing, and the cost of the whole machine is relatively high, especially compared with traditional analog amplifiers.

3. Severe digital flavor and cold sound:

Digital amplifiers may be considered to have a serious digital flavor in sound quality, and the sound is cold and not warm enough, which may not meet the hearing preferences of all users.

In summary, different types of power amplifier boards have their own advantages and disadvantages, and the choice needs to be weighed according to personal needs and preferences.

What is the difference between a power amplifier and an amplifier board?

A power amplifier is an electronic device designed to amplify the power of an input signal to drive a load (such as a speaker, antenna, etc.). It is a key component in audio systems, radio communication equipment, etc.

A power amplifier board generally refers to a circuit board or module used to assemble or apply a power amplifier. It contains all the components and circuit designs required for a power amplifier. An amplifier board can be a stand-alone circuit board for integration into a larger system or for DIY projects.

Conclusion:

Amplifier boards are an indispensable component in modern audio systems, providing the necessary amplification to ensure clear and powerful sound. Whether you are looking for high efficiency, excellent sound quality, or both, there is an amplifier board that suits your needs.

Tags: amplifier board, PCB, PCBA
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What is a Bluetooth PCB board? How does it work?

September 4th, 2024

Bluetooth technology has become a major component of modern electronics, enabling wireless communication between devices. At the heart of this technology is the Bluetooth PCB board (printed circuit board), which is a key component that promotes the functionality and efficiency of Bluetooth devices.

The magic of Bluetooth is everywhere in electronic products such as mobile phones and computers, and it is all made possible by the functionality of Bluetooth PCB boards.

What is Bluetooth PCB board?

A Bluetooth PCB board (printed circuit board) is a specially designed circuit board that integrates the components required for Bluetooth communication into electronic devices. It is the backbone for wireless transmission and reception of data between devices, allowing devices such as smartphones, headphones, and smart home devices to connect without cables.

What is a Bluetooth PCB board? How does it work?

PCBs are filled with various components, including Bluetooth chips, antennas, resistors, capacitors, and other components necessary for the Bluetooth functionality of devices. The layout of these components is carefully planned to optimize signal strength, reduce interference, and ensure efficient power consumption.

What does a Bluetooth PCB board do?

The Bluetooth PCB board plays a vital role in Bluetooth devices. Its main roles include providing reliable electrical connections, enabling compact layout of components, reducing production costs and improving production efficiency, and facilitating repairs and upgrades.

Essentially, a Bluetooth PCB board enables devices to communicate wirelessly over short distances. The PCB provides a platform where all the necessary electronic components are interconnected, allowing them to work seamlessly together.

The main role of a Bluetooth PCB is to manage the transmission and reception of data, ensuring that information is accurately sent and received between devices. It needs to filter and process signals to maintain a clear, stable connection, and also protect the data being transmitted to prevent unauthorized access.

How does a Bluetooth PCB board work?

The working principle of a Bluetooth PCB board mainly relies on its integrated main control chip, audio power amplifier chip, RF antenna and other components, as well as the layout and wiring principles in PCB design to ensure stable wireless communication and high-quality audio output.

When two Bluetooth-enabled devices are within range, they establish a connection through a process called “pairing”. This involves exchanging unique identifiers and agreeing on a communication protocol. After pairing, the devices can send and receive data over the Bluetooth connection, which is assisted by the components of the PCB.

The Bluetooth PCB board plays a key role in this process, managing RF signals, filtering out noise, and ensuring that data is accurately transmitted and received. The design of the board is critical to minimizing interference and maximizing the range and reliability of Bluetooth connections.

What is the technical principle of Bluetooth?

Bluetooth is a form of communication that uses radio frequencies to connect different devices. It can operate at 2.4 GHz, similar to other forms of wireless communication such as Wi-Fi.

A master Bluetooth device can remotely connect to 7 other Bluetooth devices, paired devices exchange information with the master Bluetooth device in a serial manner, and the interaction between paired devices can be carried out through the master Bluetooth device, which acts as a facilitator.

The Bluetooth frequency range is 1 cm to 100 meters, and each connection requires device approval using a unique code. When there is no active information exchange, Bluetooth devices can remain idle, thereby reducing energy consumption.

The Bluetooth protocol is designed to be energy-efficient and is ideal for battery-powered devices. It achieves energy conservation through low-power modes and adaptive power management techniques that adjust power output based on the distance between connected devices.

Bluetooth circuit boards are the main force driving wireless headphones, remote controls, wireless speakers to the Internet of Things (IoT) applications. They are double-layer PCBs, but only one board.

What is the principle of Bluetooth PCB board?

The working principle of Bluetooth PCB board is simple. There is an antenna on the Bluetooth PCB that receives the signal from the Bluetooth device. The information is processed inside the board and sent to the output.

One of the key principles behind Bluetooth PCB design is impedance matching. Impedance matching ensures that the electrical signal transmitted through the PCB is transmitted with minimal reflection or loss. This is especially important for antennas, which must be carefully matched to the rest of the circuit to maximize signal strength and range.

Another important principle is electromagnetic compatibility (EMC). The PCB must be designed to minimize electromagnetic interference (EMI) that can interfere with Bluetooth signals. This involves careful placement of components, shielding, and the use of specific materials that reduce EMI.

Depending on the application of the Bluetooth device, different Bluetooth profiles can be used to facilitate communication between devices. For example, the Audio/Video Remote Control Profile (AVRCP) is used to communicate with audio video equipment and can be used for remote controls for hi-fi equipment and TVs.

What are the types of applications for Bluetooth PCB board?

The wide range of applications for Bluetooth PCB board reflects the versatility and convenience of Bluetooth technology.

1. Consumer electronics: Bluetooth PCBs are found in smartphones, tablets, laptops, headphones, and speakers, enabling wireless audio streaming and data transfer.

2. Smart home devices: Bluetooth PCBs power smart home devices such as thermostats, lights, door locks, and security cameras, allowing them to be wirelessly controlled from a central hub or smartphone.

3. Wearable devices: Fitness trackers, smart watches, and health monitors rely on Bluetooth PCBs to sync data with smartphones and other devices.

4. Automotive systems: Bluetooth PCBs are used in automotive infotainment systems, enabling hands-free calling, music streaming, and integration with smartphones.

5. Medical devices: Bluetooth PCBs are increasingly used for remote monitoring and data collection in medical devices, such as blood glucose monitors and heart rate sensors.

6. Industrial automation: Bluetooth PCBs are used in a variety of industrial applications, including wireless sensors, control systems, and machine-to-machine (M2M) communications.

Conclusion:

Bluetooth PCB boards are the backbone behind wireless connectivity, which has become a cornerstone of modern life. These boards are designed with complexity to ensure that devices can communicate seamlessly and efficiently. From consumer electronics to industrial applications, Bluetooth PCB plays a key role in achieving wireless communications for the Internet. BEST Technology has extensive experience in manufacturing PCB boards of various functions, and its professional team can also provide you with high-quality design and services.

Tags: bluetooth pcb, Bluetooth PCB Board, PCB, PCBA
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RoHS vs. Pb Free Temperature – An Ultimate Guide

September 3rd, 2024

Soldering is a critical process in electronics manufacturing. It involves joining components to a printed circuit board (PCB) using a metal alloy called solder. Over the years, the industry has seen a shift from traditional lead-based solder to more environmentally friendly options. This shift has introduced terms like RoHS and Pb-free into the vocabulary of professionals. Understanding these terms, especially in relation to soldering temperatures, is crucial for anyone involved in electronics production.

This guide will break down the differences between RoHS and Pb-free soldering, focusing on their temperature requirements. We’ll explore what these terms mean and how they impact the soldering process.

What Does RoHS Stand For?

RoHS stands for Restriction of Hazardous Substances. It’s a directive that originated in the European Union, aiming to limit the use of certain hazardous materials in electrical and electronic products. Specifically, RoHS restricts substances like lead (Pb), mercury, cadmium, hexavalent chromium, and some flame retardants in manufacturing processes.

The directive came into effect in 2006 and has since become a global standard for electronics manufacturers. Complying with RoHS means that a product does not contain any of the restricted substances above a certain threshold. This initiative was created to reduce the environmental and health impacts associated with these hazardous materials.

RoHS vs. Pb Free Temperature – An Ultimate Guide

What Does Pb-Free Mean?

Pb-free, as the name suggests, refers to the absence of lead (Pb) in a product or process. In the context of soldering, Pb-free means that the solder alloy used does not contain lead. Lead has traditionally been a key component in solder due to its low melting point, making it easier to work with. However, the toxic nature of lead and its environmental impact has led to a global shift towards Pb-free alternatives.

Pb-free solder usually consists of a combination of tin (Sn), silver (Ag), and copper (Cu). These alternatives have a higher melting point than lead-based solder, which requires adjustments in the soldering process, especially in terms of temperature.

Is RoHS the Same as Lead-Free?

While RoHS and Pb-free are related, they are not the same thing. RoHS is a regulatory standard that restricts the use of several hazardous substances, including lead. Pb-free, on the other hand, specifically refers to the absence of lead in a product or process.

In other words, Pb-free solder is a product that complies with the RoHS directive, but RoHS covers a broader range of materials beyond just lead. Therefore, a product can be RoHS compliant without being entirely Pb-free if it still contains lead within acceptable limits set by the directive.

What Is the Difference Between RoHS and Pb?

RoHS is a directive, a set of rules that manufacturers must follow to ensure their products are safe and environmentally friendly. Pb refers to lead, a specific element that RoHS seeks to limit or eliminate in electronic products.

The main difference lies in their scope. RoHS is about regulation, while Pb (lead) is one of the substances that these regulations seek to control. Pb-free solder is a direct result of the RoHS directive’s push to eliminate lead from electronics manufacturing. However, Pb-free soldering requires different handling and temperatures, which brings us to the next key points.

What Temperature Is Pb-Free Soldering?

Pb-free soldering requires higher temperatures compared to traditional lead-based soldering. The typical melting point of Pb-free solder is around 217°C to 220°C (423°F to 428°F). This is significantly higher than lead-based solder, which melts at around 183°C (361°F).

The higher temperature is due to the different alloy composition in Pb-free solder. Tin (Sn), silver (Ag), and copper (Cu) are the main components, and they require more heat to reach a liquid state. This means that when working with Pb-free solder, the soldering equipment must be capable of reaching and maintaining these higher temperatures.

Adjusting to this temperature is crucial because improper soldering temperatures can lead to weak joints, incomplete soldering, or damage to components. Therefore, manufacturers often need to recalibrate their soldering equipment when switching to Pb-free processes.

What Temperature Does RoHS Solder Melt At?

RoHS-compliant solder includes both lead-free and lead-based options, depending on the specific application and compliance level. For lead-free, which is common in RoHS-compliant products, the melting temperature is typically in the range of 217°C to 220°C (423°F to 428°F), similar to Pb-free solder.

However, if the RoHS-compliant product still uses lead-based solder within the allowable limits, the melting temperature would be around 183°C (361°F). This is less common today as more manufacturers move towards entirely lead-free processes to fully comply with RoHS and similar regulations.

The shift to RoHS-compliant soldering involves understanding these temperature differences and adjusting manufacturing processes accordingly. This ensures the reliability and durability of the solder joints in electronic products.

What Is the Best Temperature for Lead-Free Solder?

The best temperature for lead-free soldering typically ranges between 240°C to 250°C (464°F to 482°F). This range provides a buffer above the melting point to ensure proper flow and bonding of the solder.

Working within this temperature range helps achieve a strong, reliable solder joint while minimizing the risk of overheating and damaging sensitive components. It’s essential to monitor the soldering process closely because exceeding this range can cause problems, such as burnt components or damaged PCBs.

Manufacturers must carefully control the temperature during lead-free soldering to maintain the quality and integrity of the solder joints. Proper temperature control is a critical factor in producing durable, long-lasting electronic products.

Which is Best for PCB Soldering?

When it comes to PCB soldering, the choice between lead-based (Pb) solder and lead-free (Pb-free) solder depends on various factors, including environmental regulations, the application of the PCB, and the desired properties of the solder joints. Here’s a breakdown to help you decide which is best for your needs:

1. For environmental compliance, Pb-free solder is the best choice if you need to meet regulatory requirements like RoHS. It’s also better for the environment and human health.

2. Lead-based solder might be better if you’re working on non-compliant projects where ease of use and joint durability are top priorities, such as prototyping or repair work.

3. For modern electronics manufacturing, Pb-free solder is increasingly the standard, especially for products that need to be sold globally. It’s also the best choice for future-proofing your manufacturing processes against tightening environmental regulations.

In conclusion, Pb-free solder is generally the best choice for modern, environmentally conscious PCB manufacturing, particularly when compliance with regulations like RoHS is necessary. However, lead-based solder may still be preferred for specific applications where ease of use and durability are more important than regulatory compliance.

Tags: pb free temperature, rohs, rohs vs pb free
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