pcb
Home > Blog

What is a 3A masterpiece? Why is Black Myth Wukong so popular?

August 23rd, 2024

In the field of games, domestic games have always been labeled as “low-quality” and “imitation”, and the emergence of “Black Myth Wukong” has undoubtedly dropped an atomic bomb on the entire game industry, attracting Chinese people to applaud. It will leave a strong mark in the history of games. Since the first trailer was launched, industry peers and players have high expectations for Black Myth, and it has even been dubbed the “light of domestic games”.

What is a 3A masterpiece?

3A masterpieces usually refer to games with high development costs (a lot of money), long development cycles (a lot of time), and high resource consumption (a lot of resources). These games generally have high quality, large development teams, high development budgets, high visual and auditory effects, perfect combination of art and technology, and outstanding ease of use.

What is a 3A masterpiece? Why is Black Myth Wukong so popular?

3A games represent the pinnacle of production quality, top technology and huge market influence. They are not only entertainment products, but also the perfect combination of technology, art and business. 3A games not only define the highest standards of the industry, but also become the golden benchmark in the minds of global players.

What are the classic 3A masterpieces?

1. Red Dead Redemption 2

The graphics of Red Dead Redemption 2 have reached a very high level in the past and even now. Its game graphics not only show us a real and shocking Western world, but also bring us a brand new experience.

In terms of image quality, it can be said to be top-level. From modeling to scenes and weapons, it is very realistic, and the detailed textures are also very rich, which makes the light in the entire game environment very beautiful, and it can also give players an immersive feeling.

2. Assassin’s Creed: Revolution

This is a high-quality action-adventure game. Players can experience the real style of Paris in the game, and can also choose different professions to unlock different abilities.

The overall picture effect of the game is very good, and the picture quality is also at a very high level. “Assassin’s Creed: Revolution” not only has a very good 3D visual experience, but also has an extremely powerful open world. This world is full of excitement and thrills, and it is a good game.

3. Call of Duty Series

The image quality of “Call of Duty” is relatively top-notch among 3A masterpieces. This is a high-quality 3D game, and the gameplay is very simple, that is, the player controls a special forces soldier to collect resources and ammunition on the battlefield, and use various types of weapons to defeat the enemy.

In addition, it contains not only single-player campaigns, but also cooperative campaigns, multiplayer cooperative campaigns and other types of campaign gameplay. “Call of Duty” also has a very rich map scene, a variety of terrains, weapons, ammunition and other resources and many other elements to provide players with richer content, more gameplay, etc.!

4. Forza Horizon 5

“Forza Horizon 5” is one of the best racing games you can experience at present. Although it has not changed much compared to the previous game, you can still experience the purest driving pleasure in hundreds of hours of game time.

The Mexico map in the game truly reproduces the beauty of various places, from endless deserts to winding wilderness and other terrains, every link allows you to feel its beauty and diversity. In the game, you will not only feel the excitement of racing, but also the shock from the vehicles and maps.

Why is Black Myth Wukong so popular?

For a long time, the production of 3A games has been basically controlled by game developers in Europe, the United States, Japan and other countries. In the field of domestic games, although many excellent works have been launched, before Black Myth Wukong, no single-player game has reached the international 3A game level, nor has it been so concerned by global media and players before it was launched.

What is a 3A masterpiece? Why is Black Myth Wukong so popular?

“Chinese people do not have the strength to make 3A game masterpieces” “China does not have the soil for 3A games to grow”… For a long time, these statements are almost a factual description of the domestic game market and a helpless consensus of the majority of game players.

The aura of the Journey to the West theme, the desire for domestic 3A masterpieces, and even the hope for cultural inheritance are all placed on “Black Myth Wukong”. As Black Myth Wukong is about to “break out of the stone”, domestic 3A games will finally be subject to the heavy test of the market and players.

Judging from the current development results, the graphics of Black Myth Wukong have reached a very high level, and the unique classical scenes also make domestic 3A games more Chinese.

Industry insiders said that the reason why 3A games are regarded as the top works in the game industry is that they pursue excellence in content, plot and art, focus on inheritance and promotion of cultural values, and pursue continuous innovation in technology. An excellent 3A masterpiece not only represents the high level of a country in the game industry, but also symbolizes the country’s cultural soft power and technical strength.

The significance behind the explosion of Black Myth Wukong

First of all, the game fully reflects the excellent traditional Chinese culture in character design and scene design. The image of the character Sun Wukong not only retains the basic characteristics of the original work, but also innovates in details. The scene design is deeply drawn from China’s famous mountains, rivers and ancient buildings.

In addition, the game uses the world’s leading “Unreal 5” development engine, which has achieved movie-level picture quality, which is also an important factor in attracting global players. Industry insiders believe that the popularity of Black Myth Wukong is the inevitable result of cultural confidence and a new expression of the vigorous vitality of traditional culture. ‌

What is a 3A masterpiece? Why is Black Myth Wukong so popular?

The success of Black Myth Wukong has had a profound impact on the Chinese game industry. Within just five minutes of the pre-sale opening, all pre-sale products were sold out, becoming the most watched product in the game industry this year. This game not only meets the expectations of players for domestic masterpieces, but also gives the entire industry great confidence and inspiration. Industry insiders believe that the success of “Black Myth Wukong” will inspire more Chinese game developers to pursue high-quality games and promote the progress of the domestic game industry.

The success of Black Myth Wukong is not only the success of a game product, but also the success of Chinese cultural output. The character design, scene design and props in the game reflect Chinese culture, and these elements have attracted widespread attention worldwide.

The explosion of the game proves that Chinese games have the ability to break the long-term monopoly of European and American companies in the field of high-end games, and open up a new channel for the internationalization of Chinese games. The cultural output of this game is of great significance. It not only shows the charm of Chinese traditional culture, but also provides a new window for the world to understand Chinese culture.

Why were there no 3A games in China before this?

1. One of the reasons why it is difficult to have 3A games in China is that compared with foreign countries, China lacks such a large R&D team and a long R&D cycle.

2. The domestic game market is mainly occupied by mobile games and web games, which have a short development cycle and a fast return on investment, so they are more favored by game companies.

3. Domestic players have a relatively low acceptance of 3A masterpieces, which makes 3A games a relatively niche product in the domestic market.

4. Domestic hardware equipment is relatively insufficient, such as high-end computers are not popular, which also limits the popularity of 3A games in the domestic market.

5. Domestic game companies are technically capable of developing 3A games, but in the current environment, the risks are high and the returns are not stable.

What is a 3A masterpiece? Why is Black Myth Wukong so popular?

With the improvement of domestic hardware level and the increase in players’ acceptance of 3A games, I believe that more 3A games will appear in the domestic market in the future.

Conclusion:

The response to the launch of Black Myth Wukong has given us a good start. It is undoubtedly very good news for all partners who love games and our Chinese culture. We can believe that this is the beginning of our domestic 3A masterpiece games. Next, better and higher-quality works will emerge like mushrooms after rain. Let us look forward to it together!

What is a PCB assembly?

August 22nd, 2024

PCB assembly is the process of combining a circuit board with other electronic components (such as connectors, housings, heat sinks, etc.) to embed into a final product. This process is a key step in the production of electronic equipment. Its main function is to provide a platform for electronic components to work together in a coordinated manner so that the equipment can perform its intended tasks.

What is the standard for PCB assembly?

The standards for PCB assembly mainly include PCB panel specifications, ISO standards, IPC standards, JEDEC standards, and ROHS standards. ‌

What is a PCB assembly?

‌PCB panel specifications‌ involve the width, shape, frame design, center distance between small boards, setting of positioning holes, arrangement of reference symbols, and positioning of large components of the panel. The panel frame should adopt a closed-loop design to ensure that the panel is fixed on the fixture without deformation.

‌ISO standards‌ emphasize key factors such as fit tolerance, surface roughness, contact area, and tightening force in PCB tight-fit installation to ensure the accuracy and stability of installation‌.

‌IPC standards‌ include IPC-7711 and IPC-A-600E, the former provides basic recommendations and guidelines for the design and manufacture of printed boards, and the latter provides acceptable conditions and practice guidelines for printed boards.

‌JEDEC standards‌ provide specifications for circuit board materials, dimensions, interfaces, etc., including material selection, dimension design, interface specifications, test methods and quality assurance.

‌ROHS standard‌ is a directive on the restriction of the use of hazardous substances, aimed at reducing the impact on the environment and human health. It stipulates the use restrictions of hazardous substances such as lead, mercury, cadmium, hexavalent chromium, polybrominated biphenyls and polybrominated diphenyl ethers.

Compliance with these standards ensures the quality, safety and environmental friendliness of PCB products, and also provides clear guidance and specifications for the design, manufacture and assembly of PCBs.

Why is PCB assembly so expensive?

The high cost of PCB assembly is mainly due to the combined influence of multiple factors. ‌

First, the production cost of PCB boards is affected by materials, design and manufacturing complexity, precision and quality, and supply chain and regional differences. PCB boards are mainly made of materials such as copper, fiberglass and epoxy resin, and the cost of these materials directly affects the price of PCB boards.

The complexity of the design and manufacturing process, including pre-processing, image transfer, electroplating, etching, inspection and trimming, and post-processing, requires precise tools and professional skills, which will also be reflected in the cost. High-precision PCB boards require higher manufacturing costs because they require more precise tools and more stringent manufacturing processes.

Details in the PCB assembly process, layer selection, and the application of HDI technology will all have an impact on the cost. Every small change may cause the cost to plummet, so if you want to save money without losing performance, you need to consider these factors comprehensively.

In addition, the welding process is also a costly link. Soldering is a key step in fixing electronic components to PCBs. This process requires heating each joint separately for welding, which is a slow and laborious process.

Finally, the price of PCBs is also affected by factors such as materials, surface processing, design standards, copper foil thickness, quality acceptance standards, and mold fees and test frames. For example, different materials, surface processing, and copper foil thickness will lead to price differences.

In summary, the high cost of PCB assembly is mainly due to the combined effect of multiple factors such as material cost, manufacturing complexity, precision and quality requirements, production needs, and specific design and quality requirements.

What does PCB stand for?

PCB stands for Printed Circuit Board. ‌

What is a PCB assembly?

Printed circuit board (PCB), also known as printed circuit board, is an indispensable component in electronic engineering. It is the support of electronic components and also the carrier of electrical connection of electronic components.

Printed circuit boards are widely used in various electronic devices. Printed circuit boards can be divided into single-sided boards, double-sided boards, multi-layer boards, etc. according to the number of layers of circuit boards. Among them, multi-layer boards refer to printed boards with more than two layers. It consists of connecting wires on several layers of insulating substrates and pads for assembling and welding electronic components. It has the function of conducting each layer of circuits and insulating each other.

The wide application of printed circuit boards makes it possible to miniaturize and visualize the circuits of electronic devices, which plays an important role in the mass production of fixed circuits and optimizing the layout of electrical appliances. This type of circuit board uses polyimide or polyester film as the substrate, and has the characteristics of high wiring density, light weight, thin thickness and good bendability.

What is the difference between PCB and PCBA?

The main difference between PCB and PCBA lies in their definition, function, application and manufacturing process. ‌

Definition:

PCB (printed circuit board) is a basic electronic component made by electronic printing, mainly used as a support for electronic components, and does not contain any active or passive components.

PCBA (printed circuit board assembly) is a circuit board assembly with specific functions formed by soldering electronic components to PCB through processes such as SMT (surface mount technology) or THT (through-hole mounting technology). PCBA contains PCB and all necessary electronic components, which work together to realize the preset functions of the circuit board.

What is a PCB assembly?

‌Function and application‌:

The main function of PCB is to support and connect electronic components, while PCBA integrates electronic components into a complete circuit system, which can be used in the manufacture of various electronic products.

PCBA is the core part of electronic products and directly determines the performance and function of the product.

‌Manufacturing process‌:

The manufacturing process of PCB includes circuit design, PCB board design, PCB template production, copper foil etching, drilling, tin spraying and board making.

The production of PCBA requires component mounting, welding, testing and other processes.

In summary, the main difference between PCB and PCBA lies in their definition, function, application and manufacturing process. PCB is a basic electronic component, mainly used to support and connect electronic components, while PCBA is a finished product formed by welding electronic components to PCB. It has specific circuit functions and is an indispensable part of electronic products.

What is the difference between PCB manufacturing and assembly?

The main difference between PCB manufacturing and assembly is that they involve different processes and focuses. ‌

‌PCB manufacturing‌ mainly involves the process of converting raw materials into printed circuit boards through a series of process flows, including design, layout, etching, lamination, drilling, welding and other steps, and finally forming a complete and usable printed circuit board.

‌PCB assembly‌ is the process of soldering electronic components to the printed circuit board according to the design requirements after the PCB is manufactured. The focus of assembly is to ensure that all components are in the correct position and direction, the pins of each component are fully soldered to the designated pads, and there is no excess solder or other excess materials to ensure the normal operation and reliability of the circuit board.

In short, ‌manufacturing‌ covers the entire production process from raw materials to finished products, including design, production and testing, while ‌assembly‌ is a link in the manufacturing process that focuses on accurately mounting electronic components on printed circuit boards to ensure the final function and performance of the product.

Conclusion:

PCB assembly is an important part of manufacturing and affects the quality of the final product. Therefore, choosing the right manufacturer becomes particularly important. BEST Technology is committed to becoming the world’s most trusted one-stop electronic circuit solution provider, while focusing on PCBA prototyping and small batch production. Choosing us will get the best quality products.

How to design a PCB board?

August 22nd, 2024

PCB design is an indispensable part of modern electronic product development. An efficient and reliable PCB design can ensure the normal operation of the circuit and meet the performance and manufacturability requirements of the product.

PCB design (Printed Circuit Board Design) refers to the design of circuit boards using electronic design automation software (EDA), designing the layout and circuit connections of printed circuit boards (PCBs). Circuit boards are an important part of electronic products. They can connect electronic components together and transmit signals through wires.

Is PCB design hard to learn?

PCB design is not difficult to learn. The key lies in mastering the relevant basic knowledge and practical experience.

How to design a PCB board?

PCB design mainly involves electronic circuit knowledge and software operation skills. For people with electronic circuit foundation, it is relatively easy to learn the use of PCB design software. It is important that learners should use their spare time to learn and practice at the same time. They can assist in learning by watching video tutorials. These resources can help understand the basic concepts and skills of circuit design and software operation.

In addition, the difficulty of PCB design lies mainly in the design of wiring rules, which is the most complex and critical part of PCB design. Beginners should pay attention to the design of conventional constraint rules, such as the size of vias, line width and line spacing, etc., which need to be mastered through practical operation and practice. Just reading materials is not enough. Practical operation and practice are the key to improving PCB design capabilities.

In general, although PCB design involves certain technical difficulties, it can be gradually mastered through systematic learning and practice.

What should I learn before PCB design?

Before PCB design, you need to learn the following key knowledge and skills:

1. Basic knowledge reserve: First of all, you need to understand various electronic components, such as resistors, capacitors, inductors, diodes, triodes, integrated circuits, etc. You also need to be familiar with common circuit topologies, such as amplifier circuits, filter circuits, oscillation circuits, and their functions and representation methods in circuits.

How to design a PCB board?

2. PCB design software: Be proficient in at least one PCB design software for schematic design, component layout, wiring, and generation of PCB production files, such as Altium Designer, EAGLE, PADS, OrCAD, etc.

3. Circuit board manufacturing process: Understand the manufacturing process of PCB circuit boards, including substrate material selection, circuit pattern transfer, etching, drilling, welding, assembly, etc.

4. Component packaging: Familiar with the packaging types and sizes of various components, such as DIP, SOP, QFP, BGA, etc., as well as their characteristics and usage scenarios.

5. Basic terms and concepts: Master some basic PCB terms, such as microstrip, stripline, differential line, via, solder mask, silk screen, structural diagram, etc.

6. Circuit function and signal flow: Understand the function and signal flow of the circuit, and be able to distinguish between digital circuits and analog circuits, as well as places with large and small currents.

By mastering the above knowledge and skills, you can better design and layout circuits, improve the performance and reliability of circuit boards,

Which software is used for PCB design?

1. Altium Designer is a powerful PCB design software that provides a wealth of tools and libraries to quickly create complex circuit board designs. This software has an intuitive interface and powerful simulation functions to help designers quickly verify the correctness of the design. It also supports multiple design file formats, which is convenient for collaboration with other design tools.

2. Cadence Allegro is a comprehensive circuit board design software with powerful layout and routing tools, as well as multiple simulation and verification tools to ensure the correctness of the design. It also supports multiple design file formats for team collaboration.

3. Mentor Graphics DesignX is also a powerful PCB design software that provides a variety of tools and libraries to help designers quickly create complex circuit board designs. It also has an intuitive interface and powerful simulation functions, and supports multiple design file formats.

4. PADS is a professional circuit board design software with powerful layout, routing, simulation and verification functions, which can quickly complete complex PCB design work. It also supports multiple design file formats, which is convenient for collaboration with other design tools.

These software are all commonly used PCB design tools with powerful layout, routing, simulation and verification functions, which can help designers quickly complete complex PCB design work.

What is the basic rule of PCB design?

The basic rules of PCB design involve many aspects, including layout, routing, power and ground design, signal integrity, etc.

How to design a PCB board?

1. Layout design:

Follow the design principle of placing in a straight line along the signal flow direction to avoid the signal from circling back and forth to reduce the impact of direct signal coupling.

The filtering, protection and isolation devices of the interface circuit should be placed close to the interface to achieve effective protection, filtering and isolation effects.

For high-speed signals or high-current signals, multi-layer board design should be considered to control the signal loop area.

2. Wiring rules:

Control the length of the trace, especially for important signal lines, such as clock signals, the trace length should be shortened as much as possible to reduce unnecessary interference.

Avoid forming self-loop traces to reduce radiation interference.

Follow the principle of minimum ground loop, design the signal line and its loop to form the smallest possible loop area to reduce external radiation and external interference.

3. Power and ground design:

The power plane should be retracted a certain distance relative to its return ground plane to effectively suppress edge radiation problems.

Avoid overlapping of different power layers in space to reduce interference between different power supplies.

4. Drawing:

When drawing the board frame, a specific line width should be used to ensure that the error between the board frame size and the assembly size is within the allowable range.

Set a reasonable origin to ensure that the coordinates of the SMT original are within the first quadrant.

Set a prohibited area, especially prohibiting routing and placing components within a certain range around the mounting hole.

Following these basic rules can ensure the effectiveness and reliability of PCB design, while improving product performance and user experience.

How long does it take to design a PCB board?

It takes about 1-2 days to design a PCB board, and the specific time depends on multiple factors, including the number of layers of the PCB, design complexity, etc.

‌Number of layers and complexity‌: The more layers the PCB has, the more complicated the design process is, and more time and delicate work are required to ensure the correctness and performance of the circuit.

‌Design stage‌: PCB design includes multiple steps such as design layout, schematic drawing, and PCB design conversion.

The time to design a PCB board is a comprehensive estimate involving multiple stages and factors.

What is the proper PCB layout?

Proper PCB layout involves many aspects, including structural requirements, heat dissipation considerations, component spacing, routing rules, etc. ‌

‌Structural requirements‌: First, the PCB layout must meet the structural requirements, including the location arrangement of structural components such as power sockets and DVI interfaces.

‌Heat dissipation considerations‌: The distribution of heat sinks should be even to ensure good ventilation of the air path. Avoid heat sinks blocking the air path to avoid affecting the heat dissipation effect‌.

‌Component spacing‌: Capacitors, ICs, etc. should be kept away from thermal components to avoid being affected by heat.

‌Routing rules‌: The design of the current loop should consider the convenience of threading, and the lead hole spacing should not be too far or too close. The layout of input/output and AC/socket should meet the consistency of the length of the two lines, leaving a certain space margin, and pay attention to the position of the plug wire buckle and the convenience of plugging and unplugging‌.

‌Special component layout‌: For high-frequency components and components with high potential difference, the distance between them should be increased to avoid electrical interference and damage.

Wiring design parameters‌: including the line width of the copper trace, the minimum gap between the copper foil traces, the minimum distance between the copper foil traces and the edge of the PCB board, etc. ‌ .

In summary, the correct PCB layout is a process that comprehensively considers the structure, heat dissipation, component spacing, routing rules and wiring design parameters, aiming to optimize the performance and reliability of the circuit board.

Conclusion:

Designing a PCB board is a complex and meticulous process involving multiple steps and considerations. Systematically complete the design process of a PCB board. Each step requires careful operation and multiple checks to ensure the quality and reliability of the final product. ‌ BEST Technology’s PCB designers have many years of design experience and are far ahead in the industry design. We can meet any PCB design you need.

How do you identify a diode symbol?

August 21st, 2024

‌A diode is an electronic component with unidirectional conductivity. Its circuit symbol usually includes an arrow pointing to a vertical line, which represents the positive pole, while the vertical line represents the negative pole. This representation method is suitable for most types of diodes. If the diode symbol is bidirectional, it means that it has no polarity.

What is the symbol of diode LED?

The symbol of a diode in a circuit diagram usually consists of an arrow pointing to a vertical line, with a line extending from the arrow, where the arrow represents the positive pole of the diode and the vertical line represents the negative pole. If it is bidirectional, there is no polarity. In addition, there will be obvious markings on the appearance of the diode to distinguish its polarity.

How do you identify a diode symbol?

Do LED diodes have a positive and negative?

LED diodes have a positive and negative pole. ‌

How do you identify a diode symbol?

LED diodes are electronic devices with two electrodes: positive (anode) and negative (cathode). These two electrodes play different roles in the circuit. The positive pole is the end point where the current enters, and the negative pole is the end point where the current flows out. The unidirectional conductivity of the LED diode means that it will only conduct when a forward voltage is applied to its two ends, that is, it allows current to pass; when a reverse voltage is applied, it is cut off, preventing current from passing. This characteristic allows the LED diode to be used as a switch in the circuit to control the direction of current flow.

In practical applications, it is very important to determine the positive and negative poles of the LED diode, because incorrect connection may cause damage to the device or malfunction.

How to identify LED positive and negative?

There are many ways to determine the positive and negative poles of the LED diode, including observing the pin length, the position of the missing corner, the shape and size of the pin, the direction of the surface marking, etc. Some LEDs will have a “T” or inverted triangle symbol at the bottom, where the horizontal side of the “T” is the positive pole and the other side is the negative pole.

How do you identify a diode symbol?

1. Observe the pin length: For direct-plug LED lamp beads, the longer end of the pin is usually the positive pole, and the shorter end is the negative pole. This is because the positive electrode is usually designed to be longer than the negative electrode during the manufacturing process.

2. Observe the size of the internal electrode: Inside the LED lamp bead, the smaller end is usually the positive pole, and the larger end is the negative pole.

3. Check the printed mark on the back of the board: On the back of the board of the SMD LED lamp bead, there is usually a “T”-shaped or inverted triangle symbol, where one end close to the horizontal side or the triangle side is the positive pole, and the other end is the negative pole.

4. Observe the printed lines on the board: One side of the colored line is usually the negative pole, and the other side is the positive pole.

5. Determine the size of the pad: The larger pad is the negative pole, and the smaller pad is the positive pole.

6. Check the missing corner of the front panel: One end of the missing corner is often the positive pole, and the other end is the negative pole.

7. Use a multimeter to test: Set the multimeter to the resistance or diode range. If the lamp bead lights up, the red test pen is in contact with the positive pole. When the light is on, the red test lead is connected to the positive pole and the black test lead is connected to the negative pole.

8. Use battery test: Use a 1.5V battery to connect the LED lamp bead. If the lamp bead lights up, the positive pole of the battery is connected to the positive pole of the LED lamp bead.

Through the above method, the positive and negative poles of the LED lamp bead can be effectively determined to ensure the correct connection of the circuit and avoid damage to the LED lamp bead.

What color is LED diode?

The color of the LED diode can be red, green, blue, yellow, white, etc. ‌

How do you identify a diode symbol?

The color of the LED diode mainly depends on the semiconductor material used. According to different application requirements, LED diodes can emit different colors of light, including but not limited to red, green, blue, yellow and white. In addition, white LEDs can be further subdivided into warm white, neutral white, pure white and cold white. The differences in these colors are mainly reflected in color temperature and hue, so as to meet different lighting and display needs.

1. Red LED: Mainly used in occasions such as indicator lights to provide eye-catching visual signals.

2. Green LED: Commonly used for digital display in display devices, such as calculators and electronic displays.

3. Blue LED: Combined with red and green LEDs, it can produce white light and is an important component in modern lighting technology.

4. Yellow LED: Used in various indicator lights and display devices to provide eye-catching visual prompts.

5. White LED: By combining red, green and blue primary color LEDs, it can produce rich colors and high-quality white light, which is widely used in lighting and display technology.

The packaging method of LED diodes also affects their appearance and application areas. For example, surface mount LEDs (SMD) are widely used in various electronic products due to their small and light characteristics. In addition, LED diodes can also be classified according to current levels to meet the needs of different circuits. These characteristics make LED diodes an indispensable component in modern electronic technology and lighting.

What happens if LED polarity is reversed?

LED polarity reversal may cause the LED light to not light up or be damaged. ‌

When the positive and negative poles of an LED lamp are connected in reverse, the following situations may occur:

1. No light: This is the most common situation because the current flows through the LED in the opposite direction to the normal situation, causing the LED to not light up normally.

2. Unstable light: In some cases, certain types of LEDs may cause unstable light, such as flickering or frequent dimming, due to reverse polarity connection.

3. Damaged LED: Although some new LEDs may be able to withstand incorrect connections with reverse polarity, most common LEDs may burn out when the polarity is reversed, causing them to not work properly.

4. Lamp does not light up: If the positive and negative poles of an LED lamp are connected in reverse, it will generally not burn out, but it may cause the lamp to not light up. This may be because the current cannot pass through the LED normally, or because the circuit protection mechanism is activated due to reverse polarity, thereby preventing the current from passing.

Why do LED diodes fail?

The main reasons for the failure of LED diodes include overheating, overvoltage breakdown, current overload, and aging effects. ‌

‌Overheating‌: When the heat generated by the LED during operation cannot be effectively dissipated, the temperature is too high, which may damage the internal structure of the LED and affect its performance.

‌Overvoltage breakdown‌: When the voltage across the LED exceeds its rated value, it may cause damage to its internal structure and fail.

‌Current overload‌: If the current flowing through the LED exceeds its rated value, it may cause the LED to burn out. Current overload is usually caused by improper circuit design or external factors.

‌Aging effect‌: Over time, LEDs may fail due to material aging. Aging effects are usually manifested as performance degradation, increased leakage current, etc.

‌Electrostatic discharge (ESD) damage‌: When the LED is subjected to electrostatic discharge shock, its internal structure may be damaged. To prevent electrostatic discharge damage, appropriate anti-static measures should be taken‌.

How do I know if my LED diode is bad?

If the LED diode can emit light normally under the appropriate operating voltage, it means that it is fine‌.

Make sure that the positive and negative poles of the LED diode are correctly connected to the circuit. Use the voltage measurement function of the multimeter to test the open circuit voltage of the circuit. If the test voltage is different from the expected value, there may be a problem with the circuit connection or the LED light-emitting diode.

Use the “diode test” position of the multimeter to test the diode. Insert the diode into the test hatch, connect the anode and cathode of the diode with the clamp, and connect the cathode to the test port. Observe the reading of the multimeter. If the reading is positive, it means that the diode is normal and can be turned on; if the reading is negative, it means that the diode is not good and cannot be turned on or reverse conduction.

Conclusion:

The application of diodes in daily electronics is very extensive. It can be used in almost all electronic circuits. The key to identifying diode symbols is to understand their basic shape and signs. It is necessary to correctly understand the symbol of the diode so that it can be safer and more efficient during use. ‌

what is glass transition temperature?

August 21st, 2024

In the PCB manufacturing process, the glass transition temperature is an important performance indicator. During the manufacturing and use of PCB boards, they will undergo multiple heating and cooling processes. If the operating temperature exceeds the glass transition temperature, the board will soften, expand, or even deform, affecting the accuracy and reliability of the circuit. Therefore, choosing the right glass transition temperature is crucial to ensure the dimensional stability and long-term performance of the PCB.

What is the glass transition temperature and Its Significance?

The glass transition temperature (Tg) refers to the temperature corresponding to the transition from the glass state to the high elastic state. The glass transition is an inherent property of amorphous polymer materials and a macroscopic manifestation of the transformation of the polymer motion form. It directly affects the performance and process performance of the material. Therefore, it has long been the main content of polymer physics research.

what is glass transition temperature?

The glass transition temperature is of great significance to the application of polymers. Above this temperature, polymers show elasticity; below this temperature, polymers show brittleness. This characteristic must be considered when used as plastics, rubber, synthetic fibers, etc.

The glass transition temperature of mainstream FR-4 boards is approximately between 130-140℃. In the PCB manufacturing process, the temperature needs to be strictly controlled to avoid exceeding the glass transition temperature to ensure the quality of the product.

Is higher glass transition temperature better?

In PCB manufacturing, the higher the glass transition temperature (Tg), the better. ‌

what is glass transition temperature?

The glass transition temperature is an important performance indicator of polymer materials, which determines the changes in the physical and chemical properties of the material at a specific temperature. When the temperature of the polymer is lower than its glass transition temperature, the material exhibits hard and brittle characteristics, similar to the glass state; when the temperature is higher than the glass transition temperature, the material becomes soft and exhibits elasticity similar to rubber or leather. This state change has a direct impact on the performance during PCB manufacturing and use.

1. ‌ Temperature deformation resistance ‌:

The higher the Tg value, the stronger the material’s temperature deformation resistance. This means that in a high temperature environment, such as during SMT welding, the PCB substrate is not easy to deform, thereby maintaining dimensional stability, which is crucial to ensure the reliability and long-term use of the circuit board.

2. ‌ Electrical performance and mechanical strength: ‌

The high or low Tg value directly affects the electrical performance and mechanical strength of the PCB. High Tg materials can maintain good physical and chemical stability at high temperatures, thereby maintaining the electrical properties and mechanical strength of the circuit board, which is crucial to improving the quality and reliability of the product.

3. Safety:

PCB materials with high Tg values ​​are not easy to soften or melt at high temperatures, thereby improving the safety and durability of the circuit board and reducing the risk of short circuits or other damage caused by high temperatures.

In summary, choosing PCB materials with higher Tg values ​​is one of the key factors to ensure that the circuit board maintains stable performance and safety in complex manufacturing and use environments.

What is glass transition temperature vs melting temperature?

In PCB manufacturing, glass transition temperature and melting temperature are two different physical properties that describe the state changes of materials under different conditions. ‌

The glass transition temperature (Tg) mainly involves amorphous materials or amorphous regions in partially crystalline materials. At this temperature, the physical state of the material changes from glass to highly elastic.

The melting temperature (melting point) mainly involves the melting process of crystalline materials. For crystalline polymers, the melting point marks the temperature at which the molecular chain begins to move, that is, the material changes from solid to liquid. The melting point is related to the crystallinity and lattice structure of the material and is a physical property unique to crystalline materials.

In short, the glass transition temperature mainly affects the amorphous region in amorphous or partially crystalline materials, while the melting temperature mainly affects crystalline materials and involves the melting process of the entire crystal. These two temperatures reflect the different physical state changes of different materials when heated.

How do you determine the glass transition temperature?

Expansion method, thermomechanical method, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), DTA method, dynamic mechanical property analysis (DMA) method, nuclear magnetic resonance method (NMR).

what is glass transition temperature?

Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) is the most traditional and commonly used measurement method. It measures the relationship between the power difference (heat flow rate) and temperature between the sample and the reference material, and then obtains the glass transition temperature of the material;

Dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) is the most sensitive method. It measures the sinusoidal alternating stress of constant amplitude applied to the sample, observes the change of strain with temperature or time, and calculates the mechanical parameters to characterize the elastomer;

Thermomechanical analysis (TMA): Use a probe with good sensitivity to measure the expansion coefficient of the material, and measure the glass transition temperature of the material based on this change.

What is the difference between TM and Tg?

In the PCB industry, TM and Tg are two different parameters, representing two different physical properties.

Tm: melting point; m is the melting point of crystalline polymers, that is, the temperature at which crystalline polymers melt. It is the highest use temperature of crystalline polymers when used in plastics and fibers, and it is also their heat resistance temperature and the lowest temperature for molding processing.

What is the Tg of polyurethane?

The glass transition temperature (Tg) of polyurethane is not a fixed value, but a physical quantity determined by the type of resin.

‌There are many types of polyurethane, including polyether, polyester, polyimide, polyurea, etc. Each type of polyurethane has its own specific glass transition temperature.

Shape memory polyurethane has a small volume expansion rate at temperatures below Tg, but increases at temperatures above Tg, which shows the characteristics of its glass transition temperature. Therefore, to determine the glass transition temperature of a specific polyurethane, its specific chemical structure and application field need to be considered.

What is Tg for epoxy?

The Tg value of PCB epoxy resin is usually between 130℃ and 170℃. ‌

The Tg value (glass transition temperature) of PCB (printed circuit board) epoxy resin is an important performance indicator, which reflects the change in the physical state of the material when heated. According to different application requirements, the Tg value of PCB epoxy resin can be divided into several grades:

what is glass transition temperature?

‌TG130‌: The temperature resistance of this type of board is about 140℃. Common Tg value boards of this type are Shengyi S1141 and Jiantao KB-6164F.

TG150: A medium Tg board with a temperature range of 150°C to 170°C. Common boards with this type of Tg include Shengyi S1141 150 and Jiantao KB-6165F.

TG170: A high Tg board with a temperature range of over 170°C. Common boards with this type of Tg include Shengyi S1170 and Jiantao KB-6167F.

Selecting the right Tg value is critical to ensuring the performance and reliability of the PCB. Although boards with high Tg values ​​are relatively expensive, their superior temperature resistance is indispensable in applications that require higher temperatures, such as aerospace. In addition to Tg values, other factors should be considered when selecting PCB boards, such as thermal decomposition temperature (Td), which is another important indicator for evaluating the stability of boards at high temperatures.

Conclusion:

High Tg represents high heat resistance. Electronic products represented by computers are developing towards high functionality and high multi-layer, which requires higher heat resistance of PCB substrate materials as an important guarantee. BEST Technology focuses on manufacturing high-performance PCB circuit boards and is far ahead in the industry. It has professional production equipment and 18 years of design experience, and has high quality requirements for products.

Power Supply Circuit Design Guide – An Overview

August 21st, 2024

A power supply circuit is at the heart of every electronic device, transforming available energy into usable power. Whether you’re developing a new product or repairing an existing one, a firm grasp of power supply circuit design helps in improving efficiency, and performance. The main objective of this blog is to share know-how about power supply circuit, from the definition, types, power supply circuit board and more. Here we go!

Power Supply Circuit – An Overview

What Are the Three Types of Power Supply?

There are three subsets of regulated power supplies: linear, switched, and uninterruptible battery based. Of the three basic regulated power supply designs, linear is the least complicated system, but switched and battery power have their advantages.

Linear power supply

This is one of the simplest forms. It uses a transformer to reduce the input voltage to the desired level, then relies on a regulator to maintain stable voltage. Linear power supplies are known for their low noise output and reliability. However, they can be inefficient because they dissipate excess energy as heat.

Power Supply Circuit – An Overview

Switching power supply

This type is much more efficient than linear power supplies. It rapidly switches the power on and off to control the output voltage. By doing so, switching power supplies can achieve higher efficiencies, making them ideal for modern electronics where energy conservation is crucial. They are compact and offer better energy savings but can introduce noise into the circuit.

Power Supply Circuit – An Overview

Uninterruptible power supply (UPS)

A UPS provides emergency power when the main source fails. It’s widely used in environments where power interruptions could cause data loss or equipment damage, such as in data centers or hospitals. It combines elements of both linear and switching power supplies, offering reliability and backup in case of failure.

What Are the Problems with Power Supply Circuits?

Power supply circuits are not without challenges, but understanding these issues can help mitigate them.

  • Heat generation

Some power supplies, especially linear ones, generate significant heat during operation. This can affect the longevity of components and the overall performance of the device. Adding heat sinks or better cooling can help manage this issue.

  • Voltage fluctuations

Inconsistent power supply can lead to voltage drops or spikes. Sensitive electronics might malfunction or get damaged under such conditions. Proper filtering and regulation can address these fluctuations.

  • Electrical noise

Switch-mode power supplies are efficient but can introduce electrical noise into the circuit. This noise can interfere with the performance of other components, especially in sensitive applications. Careful circuit design, shielding, and grounding can reduce the impact.

Common Power Supply Circuit Diagram

A diagram representing circuit connections with circuit component symbols is called a circuit diagram. Circuit diagram is a kind of schematic layout diagram that represents the composition and relationship of components and devices drawn by the symbols of physical and electrical standardization for the needs of research and engineering planning, which can know the working principle of components and provide planning schemes for the analysis of performance and installation of electronic and electrical products.

Circuit diagram is one of the basic skills that electronic engineers must learn, here we listing four common power supply circuit diagrams, which is super full super detailed. Hope it is useful for you!

Regulated Power Supply Circuit Diagram

This type uses voltage regulators to maintain a constant output voltage regardless of input fluctuations. Let’s take an example of an 325V adjustable voltage regulator circuit. This regulated power supply can be adjusted within a range of 3.5V to 25V. It provides a large output current and uses an adjustable voltage regulator circuit. You can see its circuit diagram as below:

Power Supply Circuit – An Overview

Its working principle is: after rectification and filtering, the DC voltage is supplied to the base of the adjustment transistor through R1, which makes the transistor conduct. When V1 conducts, the voltage passes through RP and R2 to make V2 conduct, and then V3 also conducts. At this point, the emitter and collector voltages of V1, V2, and V3 no longer change (their function is completely similar to that of a zener diode). By adjusting RP, a stable output voltage can be obtained. The ratio of R1, RP, R2, and R3 determines the output voltage of this circuit.

Component Selection

Transformer T: Choose an 80W to 100W transformer, with an input of AC220V and a dual winding output of AC28V.

FU1: Use a 1A fuse.

FU2: Use a 3A to 5A fuse.

VD1, VD2: Use 6A02 diodes.

RP: Use an ordinary potentiometer rated at around 1W, with a resistance value between 250K and 330K.

C1: Use a 3300”F/35V electrolytic capacitor.

C2, C3: Use 0.1”F monolithic capacitors.

C4: Use a 470”F/35V electrolytic capacitor.

R1: Use a resistor with a value between 180Ω and 220Ω, rated at 0.1W to 1W.

R2, R4, R5: Use 10KΩ resistors, rated at 1/8W.

V1: Use a 2N3055 transistor.

V2: Use a 3DG180 or 2SC3953 transistor.

V3: Use a 3CG12 or 3CG80 transistor.

Switched-Mode Power Supply (SMPS) Circuit

This circuit is used in many modern electronics because of its high efficiency. It includes a switching regulator that controls the energy flow, converting the input voltage to the required output through rapid switching. Below is a power supply circuit diagram of a 12V, 20W SMPS system with TOP224P.

Power Supply Circuit – An Overview

From the above, VDz1 and VD1 clamp the spike voltage generated by leakage inductance to a safe level and attenuate ringing voltage. VDz1 uses a P6KE200 transient voltage suppressor with a reverse breakdown voltage of 200V, while VD1 is a UF4005 ultra-fast recovery diode rated at 1A/600V. The secondary winding voltage is rectified and filtered through VD1, C2, L1, and C3, producing a 12V output voltage (Uo). The value of Uo is determined by the sum of the stable voltage of VDz2, the forward voltage drop across the LED in the optocoupler, and the voltage drop across R1.

By adjusting the turns ratio of the high-frequency transformer and the stabilization value of VDz2, other output voltages can also be obtained. R2 and VDz2 provide a dummy load for the 12V output, improving load regulation during light load conditions. The feedback winding voltage is rectified and filtered by VD3 and C4 to supply the necessary bias to the TOP224P. Common mode choke L2 reduces common-mode leakage current caused by the high-voltage switching waveform on the primary winding’s D-terminal. C7 filters interference from the coupling capacitance between the primary and secondary windings, while C6 minimizes differential-mode leakage currents from the primary winding. Additionally, C5 filters peak current on the control terminal and, together with R1 and R3, compensates the control loop and determines the self-starting frequency.

Transformer-Based Power Supply Circuit

This is the most basic power supply circuit, often used in low-power applications. It involves a transformer to reduce the input AC voltage, followed by rectification and filtering to produce a steady DC output.

Battery-Powered Circuit

For portable devices, battery-powered circuits offer a reliable power source. These circuits are designed to manage the charging and discharging of batteries while providing stable power to the device.

Which kind of PCB used for power supply circuit?

1. Heavy copper PCB

Heavy copper PCBs are designed with significantly thicker copper layers compared to standard PCBs. Typically, they feature copper weights greater than 3 ounces per square foot. These PCBs excel in handling higher currents and distributing power across the circuit more effectively, making them ideal for power distribution systems, power converters, and other demanding applications. Bus bar PCBs are a subtype of heavy copper boards, specifically designed for applications requiring high current capacity and low impedance.

Heavy copper PCBs are used when standard copper traces cannot carry the required current without excessive heat buildup. By increasing the thickness of the copper layers, these PCBs can manage higher currents, dissipate heat better, and enhance the board’s durability. They are crucial in industries like automotive, solar power, and industrial control, where reliable power management is key.

2. Metal Core PCB

Metal core PCBs also call led pcb board, are built with a metal substrate, typically aluminum or copper, to efficiently dissipate heat generated by high-power circuits. These boards are widely used in LED lighting, power supplies, and automotive electronics where heat management is essential. For extra high power supply applications, copper core PCB is a good choice.

3. Ceramic PCB

Ceramic PCBs are highly favored in environments where high thermal conductivity and electrical insulation are needed. They can be used under -80C ~ 2200C. They perform well in high-frequency applications and can operate in harsh conditions, making them suitable for aerospace, military, and industrial power electronics.

How to Build a 12V Power Supply Circuit?

Building a 12V power supply circuit can be a rewarding project, whether you’re creating it for a specific device or learning about electronics. Below is a detailed guide to help you design and build a reliable 12V power supply.

Components Needed

Before you begin, gather the essential components:

  • Transformer: A step-down transformer will reduce the AC mains voltage (usually 110V or 220V) to a lower AC voltage that can be rectified and regulated to 12V DC. A common choice is a transformer that outputs 15V AC.
  • Bridge Rectifier: This consists of four diodes arranged to convert AC to DC. The diodes ensure that the output is always in the same polarity, transforming the alternating current into a pulsating direct current.
  • Capacitors: Capacitors act as filters to smooth out the pulsating DC output from the rectifier, reducing ripple and providing a more stable DC voltage.
  • 12V Voltage Regulator: A voltage regulator like the LM7812 ensures that the output remains at a steady 12V DC. This is crucial to prevent voltage fluctuations, which could damage sensitive electronic components.
  • Heat Sink: A heat sink is necessary to dissipate heat from the voltage regulator, especially when there’s a significant voltage drop between the input and the 12V output.
  • Fuse: To protect your circuit from overcurrent situations, a fuse should be added at the input or output stage.
  • Optional Components: You might include an LED indicator and resistor to show when the power supply is active.

Step-by-Step Process

Here’s how to assemble the components into a functional 12V power supply circuit:

Step 1: Connect the Transformer

The transformer’s primary winding is connected to the AC mains, reducing the input voltage to around 15V AC on the secondary winding. This step-down AC voltage will feed into the rectifier circuit.

Step 2: Bridge Rectifier Configuration

The output of the transformer is connected to the bridge rectifier. The rectifier converts the AC voltage into a pulsating DC voltage. The output voltage will still have ripples (fluctuations in the voltage level) and needs further smoothing.

Step 3: Filter the Output with Capacitors

A capacitor is connected across the output of the bridge rectifier to smooth the pulsating DC signal. This helps to reduce ripple and stabilize the voltage. A larger capacitor will give better smoothing, but a typical value used is around 1000”F. The capacitor works by charging up during the peaks of the rectified signal and releasing energy during the valleys, leading to a more stable DC voltage.

Step 4: Voltage Regulation

After the rectified and filtered voltage, you will likely have a DC voltage around 15V, which is still too high for a 12V power supply. This is where the 12V voltage regulator (e.g., LM7812) comes into play. The regulator ensures the output remains at a constant 12V, regardless of input variations or load changes.

1. Connect the input pin of the regulator to the positive output of the rectifier.

2. Connect the ground pin to the common ground.

3. The output pin will now deliver a regulated 12V DC.

Step 5: Add the Heat Sink

Voltage regulators can generate significant heat, especially when the difference between the input and output voltage is large. Attach a heat sink to the regulator to prevent overheating and ensure stable operation.

Step 6: Safety Measures

To protect the circuit from potential damage, include a fuse on the input side. This fuse will blow if there’s a short circuit or an overload, preventing the transformer or other components from getting damaged. For example, you can use a 1A fuse.

Step 7: Test the Circuit

Once the circuit is assembled, double-check all connections and test the output with a multimeter. Make sure the output voltage is stable at 12V under no load and when powering a device.

Optional: Add Features

You can add an LED indicator with a series resistor to the output side. This will visually indicate when the power supply is on and functioning.

Practical Considerations

Load Capacity: The transformer’s power rating (VA) should be sufficient to handle the current drawn by the load. For instance, if your load requires 1A at 12V, the transformer must be able to supply at least 12 watts (plus some margin to account for inefficiency and losses).

Heat Management: If your power supply will be operating under heavy load, consider adding active cooling, such as a small fan, especially if the heat sink alone does not adequately dissipate heat.

Enclosure: For safety and aesthetics, house the power supply in an insulated, vented enclosure to prevent accidental contact with live wires and to allow for heat dissipation.

A Simple Example

Once completed, this 12V power supply circuit can be used for a wide variety of applications:

Small Electronics Projects: Power up microcontrollers, sensors, or other small electronics that run on 12V.

LED Lighting: It can be used to power 12V LED strips or other lighting systems.

Arduino or Raspberry Pi Projects: Many DIY electronics projects require a steady 12V supply to operate correctly, and this circuit can deliver that power reliably.

What are the factors that affect the price of PCB boards?

August 20th, 2024

There are many factors that affect pcb board price. The diversity of PCB processing prices has its inherent inevitable factors, which are closely related to materials, processes and other aspects. As an important part of electronic components, PCB boards play a very important role in the electronics industry. One of the important problems is that prices fluctuate greatly, which brings great uncertainty to the production and operation of enterprises.

How much do pcb board price?

The price of PCB is determined by many factors, including board cost, processing cost, quality inspection cost, etc. ‌

‌Board cost‌ is the main component of PCB cost, accounting for about half of the total cost. The cost of boards depends on factors such as material, thickness, size and quality. For example, the prices of different types of plates such as FR4, CEM-1, and aluminum substrates vary significantly. The cost of panels will be affected by multiple factors such as market supply and demand, raw material price fluctuations, and the complexity of the production process.

What are the factors that affect pcb board price?

‌Processing costs‌ include cutting, drilling, electroplating, lamination and other links. The equipment and process requirements of each link will affect the final cost. The depreciation costs of high-end equipment, workers’ operational proficiency and the degree of optimization of the production process are all key factors that affect processing costs.

‌Quality inspection cost‌ is also an important part of PCB cost. Strict quality testing is required during the production process, including environmental adaptability testing, electrical performance testing, etc. The number and stringency of these testing items will also affect production costs.

In addition, the cost of PCB also includes indirect costs, such as equipment depreciation expenses, labor costs, management expenses, R&D expenses, etc. Batch size and yield control are also important factors that affect cost. Large-volume production usually reduces unit costs, and high yield means lower costs. Therefore, the specific cost of PCB needs to be comprehensively evaluated based on factors such as specific board type, processing requirements, testing standards, and production batches.

Why is PCB so expensive?

‌The price of PCB is high mainly because its production involves multiple cost factors and complex processes. ‌

The production cost of PCB is affected by the cost of materials.

PCB boards are mainly made of materials such as copper, fiberglass, and epoxy resin. The cost of these materials directly affects the final price of the PCB board. In addition, the complexity of PCB design and manufacturing is also an important factor affecting the price. The design and manufacturing process requires precise tools and specialized skills. The more complex the design, the higher the fees paid to the designer. The complexity of the manufacturing process will also lead to increased costs.

Accuracy and quality are also key factors in determining pcb board price.

High-precision PCBs require higher manufacturing costs because they require more precise tools and more rigorous manufacturing processes. High-quality PCBs usually need to go through more quality control steps, which also increases costs.

Supply chain and regional differences are also factors that affect pcb board price.

Changes in the global supply chain and differences in production costs in different regions will be reflected in pcb board price.

In terms of production process.

PCB production includes multiple stages, such as pre-processing, image transfer, electroplating, etching, inspection and trimming, and post-processing. Each stage requires specific technology and equipment, which also increases production costs.

In addition, the price of PCB is also affected by a variety of other factors, including surface treatment technology, copper foil thickness, customer’s quality acceptance standards, mold fees and test rack fees, payment methods and order volume/delivery time, etc. For example, different surface treatment processes (such as OSP, leaded tin spraying, lead-free tin spraying, etc.) and copper foil thickness will lead to price differences; the higher the customer’s quality acceptance standards, the higher the price; mass production may require Molds and test racks, which also add cost.

To sum up, the high price of PCB is mainly due to the fact that its production involves a variety of materials, complex processes, high precision and quality requirements, and a variety of factors that affect cost.

How much gold is in a PCB board?

‌PCB boards contain a certain amount of gold, but the exact amount varies depending on the type and application of the PCB board.

What are the factors that affect pcb board price?

PCB board (printed circuit board) is an indispensable component of most electronic products and is used to interconnect circuits. With the development of technology, some special electronic copper-clad laminates can even be used directly to manufacture electronic components.

In the manufacturing process of PCB boards, gold is often used as a material for surface treatment, especially in some high-end or special application PCB boards. For example, components such as motherboards, CPUs, random access memory chips (RAM), internal modems, PCI boards, Ethernet ports, etc. often contain gold on their connection pins and surface layers. The use of this gold not only increases the value of the product, but also improves its performance and reliability‌.

As for the specific gold content, although there is no fixed ratio, data shows that 1 ton of circuit boards contains at least 80 grams of gold, and chip packaging also contains gold and other precious metals such as silver. This shows that recycling precious metals such as gold from electronic waste has considerable economic value‌. In addition, the application of gold in PCB boards is usually achieved by electroplating. Sometimes a layer of nickel is added between gold and copper as a barrier layer to prevent electron migration and diffusion reactions between them.

To sum up, although the gold content in PCB boards is not high, its existence is crucial to improving the performance and reliability of electronic products, and it also has certain economic value in electronic waste recycling.

How much does it cost to replace a PCB board?

Cost estimation method in PCB processing factory The cost of PCB is composed of many factors. Most of the cost comes from the number of layers, material, drilling volume, surface treatment process, etc. of the board. Generally speaking, the cost of the board is about 1% of the total cost. About half.

According to speculation, the processing cost of PCB with more than 6 layers of material per square centimeter can be estimated as follows:

(1) For every two additional layers of the line, the cost increases by 0. 05 yuan, that is, 0. 05 yuan/cm2;

(2) Screen printing layer and solder mask layer, film cost, 300 yuan;

(3) The circuit layer film fee is 100 yuan per layer.

Actual costs should be inquired from the manufacturer.

Design requirements (1) Among the PCB processing costs, the board cost accounts for about half. Therefore, the smaller and thinner the board size, the higher the utilization rate, and the lower the cost.

(2) In terms of surface treatment, based on spray tin spraying, the surface treatment cost OSP is about 20% lower, ENIG is about 20% higher, and Im-Sn and Im-Ag are basically the same as spray tin spraying.

(3) The number of laminations has a greater impact on the cost. Each additional time will increase the total cost by about 3%.

(4) Special processes, such as buried copper, are relatively expensive and require separate communication with the manufacturer.

(5) The cost of line width/line spacing less than or equal to 3mil/3mil is about 6% higher than the cost of greater than 3mil/3mil.

(6) Adding one stage to the HDI board will increase the cost by about 18%. Therefore, the use of HDI needs to be carefully considered.

Are old PCBs worth anything?

Old PCBs not only have economic value, but also have important significance and value in environmental protection, art, etc.

pcb board price?

There are a lot of gold elements on old PCBs, because circuit interfaces are often plated with gold to increase contact performance and prevent corrosion. In addition, waste printed circuit boards also contain a variety of valuable metals. The main direction of recycling waste circuit boards is the recycling of metals.

These circuit boards contain a large amount of precious metals and rare materials. According to data, the metal contains about 20% copper, 8% iron, 2% nickel, 4% tin, 2% zinc and other common metals, and about 0.1 % gold, 0.2% silver, 0.005% palladium and other precious metals, and also contains many toxic and harmful heavy metals, such as lead, hexavalent chromium, mercury, cadmium, etc. With the right recycling techniques and processes, these valuable materials can be extracted and used to produce new electronic products.

This can not only save resources and reduce damage to the natural environment, but also effectively reduce production costs. Therefore, discarded PCB circuit boards should not be simply regarded as garbage, but should be regarded as a valuable resource.

With a combination of technology and creativity, electronics enthusiasts and artists have discovered a variety of ways to transform discarded circuit boards into unique pieces of art, home décor, or functional items. Through careful disassembly and reassembly, these discarded circuit boards are given a new life.

How can I make PCB cheaper?

1. ‌Optimized design‌: Correct component placement and layout design can significantly reduce PCB costs and improve circuit performance‌.

2. ‌Choose the right material‌: Choose the right PCB material according to the application scenario.

3. Optimize line spacing: By optimizing line width and line spacing, you can avoid additional adding.

4. Optimize the process‌: Use more efficient manufacturing processes such as the V-cut process to reduce material waste and improve sheet utilization.

5. ‌Mass production and panelization‌: Carry out mass production according to demand, enjoy batch discounts and discounts, and reduce unit prices‌.

6. ‌Technical improvement‌: Introduce advanced equipment and processes to improve production efficiency and reduce error rates, thereby reducing production costs‌.

Through the comprehensive application of the above strategies, the cost of PCB can be effectively reduced while ensuring product quality and production efficiency.

Conclusion:

Understanding the factors that affect pcb board price during the production and processing stages can help you make cost-effective decisions to ensure the quality of your products while saving money. BEST Technology has extensive design and production experience in PCB manufacturing and can effectively help you solve pcb board price issues.

Comprehensive understanding of flex board

August 20th, 2024

flex board are the only solution to meet the requirements of miniaturization and mobility of electronic products. They can be bent, wound, and folded freely, and can withstand millions of dynamic bending without damaging the wires. They can be arranged according to the requirements of spatial layout, and can be freely moved and stretched in three-dimensional space to achieve the integration of component assembly and wire connection. Flexible circuit boards can greatly reduce the volume and weight of electronic products, and are suitable for the development of electronic products towards high density, miniaturization, and high reliability.

What is a flex board?

Flexible board is a printed circuit board made of flexible insulating substrate, also known as flexible printed circuit board (FPC). This circuit board has many advantages that rigid printed circuit boards do not have, such as it can be bent, wound, folded freely, and can withstand millions of dynamic bending without damaging the wires. Flexible circuit boards provide excellent electrical performance, meet the design needs of smaller and higher density installations, help reduce assembly processes and enhance reliability. It is the only solution to meet the requirements of miniaturization and mobility of electronic products, which can greatly reduce the volume and weight of electronic products and adapt to the needs of electronic products developing towards high density, miniaturization, and high reliability.

Comprehensive understanding of flex board

The main feature of the flexible board is that its substrate is usually polyimide or polyester film. This material has good elasticity and a certain degree of softness, which allows the flexible board to move and stretch arbitrarily in three-dimensional space, realizing the integration of component assembly and wire connection. In addition, the flexible board also has the characteristics of high wiring density, light weight, thin thickness and good bendability, making it the preferred choice in many application scenarios.

The application of flexible boards is very wide. For example, in new energy vehicles, the FPC solution has become the main choice for most new models. FPC is integrated with CCS (integrated busbar system) and is connected with copper and aluminum busbars and plastic structural parts to form electrical connection and signal detection structural components.

What is a Flexboard made of?

Flexible boards are made of polyimide or polyester film. ‌

Flexible circuit board (FPC) is a printed circuit board with high reliability and excellent flexibility. Its substrate is mainly polyimide or polyester film. This material selection gives FPC a variety of superior properties, including high wiring density, light weight, thinness and good bendability. These characteristics of FPC enable it to meet the needs of electronic products to develop in the direction of high density, miniaturization and high reliability.

Specifically, the substrate characteristics of FPC include:

‌Polyimide‌: This is a high-performance polymer with excellent mechanical properties, electrical properties and thermal stability. It is often used to manufacture flexible circuit boards because it can provide excellent flexibility and durability.

‌Polyester film‌: As a lightweight material, the application of polyester film in FPC provides good insulation performance and certain mechanical strength while maintaining overall lightness and thinness.

The choice of these two materials together ensures that the application of FPC in electronic devices can provide excellent electrical performance, meet the design needs of smaller and higher density installation, and help reduce assembly processes and enhance reliability.

Which flex material is best?

The best material for flexible PCB boards is polyimide. Polyimide has extremely strong toughness and scalability, and can meet the requirements of bending, folding, twisting, etc. in various shapes, which makes polyimide an ideal material for flexible PCB boards. In addition, polyimide also has good impedance control and signal integrity, ensuring the high reliability and stability of flexible PCB boards. Therefore, for application scenarios that require high flexibility and reliability, polyimide is the preferred flexible PCB material.

How many types of flex board are there?

There are four main types of flexible boards:

Single-sided flexible board: This is the most basic type of flexible circuit board, in which only one side has conductive lines. It is usually used for low-density and low-complexity applications, such as printer inkjet cartridges and computer memory.

Comprehensive understanding of flex board

Double-sided flexible board: This type of circuit board has conductive lines on both sides, and the electrical connection between the two sides is achieved through metallized vias.

Multi-layer flexible board: Multi-layer FPC consists of several layers of conductive lines and insulating materials, and the electrical connection between the layers is achieved through blind holes, buried holes or through holes.

Rigid-flex combination flexible board: This type combines a rigid substrate and a flexible substrate, and a conductive connection is formed through metallized holes. Rigid-flexible combined flexible boards meet the needs of electronic products to develop in the direction of miniaturization, high frequency, high speed and multi-function.

These different types of flexible boards are widely used in consumer electronics, automotive electronics, medical equipment, aerospace and defense, etc. according to their specific application requirements and design complexity.

What is the thickness of a flex board?

The thickness of a flexible circuit board (FPC) usually ranges from 0.1mm to 0.2mm. ‌This thickness range applies to single-layer and double-layer flexible circuit boards. For multi-layer flexible circuit boards, due to their complex manufacturing process and high cost, the thickness is uncertain.

The thickness range of the reinforcement board is wider, from 0.05mm to 0.1mm for thin reinforcement boards to 0.2mm to 0.5mm for thick reinforcement boards, and even ultra-thick reinforcement boards with a thickness of more than 0.5mm. The thickness selection of these reinforcement boards depends on the design requirements, the use environment and the required mechanical strength.

The material of flexible circuit boards usually includes polyimide (PI), and its thickness generally ranges from 12.5um (0.5mil) to 125um (5mil), and common specifications include 25um (1mil) and 12.5um (0.5mil). This information shows that the thickness of flexible circuit boards can be adjusted according to specific application requirements and designs, from thin to thick reinforcement boards, to meet different mechanical strength and stability requirements.

In general, the thickness selection of flexible circuit boards is very flexible and can be customized according to specific application scenarios and design requirements. Whether it is a single-layer, double-layer or multi-layer flexible circuit board, its thickness can be adjusted as needed to ensure the best electrical performance and mechanical strength. ‌

Why are Flex PCBs so expensive?

The high price of flexible PCBs (flexible circuit boards) is mainly caused by factors such as its material cost, the complexity of the manufacturing process, and technical requirements. ‌

‌Material cost‌: The main substrates of flexible PCBs include polyimide (PI) and polyester (PET). Polyimide has excellent heat resistance and electrical properties, but the price is higher; polyester has lower cost, but the performance is slightly inferior. In addition, the conductive layer is usually composed of copper foil, and factors such as foil thickness, copper purity and quality will also affect the cost.

‌Manufacturing process‌: The manufacturing process of flexible PCB is complex, including multiple links such as exposure, development, etching, lamination and testing. The process accuracy and equipment level of each link will affect the production cost‌.

‌Technical requirements‌: The design complexity, special requirements and gold finger surface treatment methods of flexible PCB in the production process will affect the cost. Complex circuit design requires more design time and process control, while special requirements such as high temperature resistance, moisture resistance, and bending resistance require different processes and difficulties, which increase the manufacturing cost‌.

‌Size and circuit structure‌: The cost of flexible PCB is also affected by size and circuit structure. Larger size and complex circuit structure will increase manufacturing cost.

In summary, the high cost of flexible PCB is mainly due to the combined effect of factors such as high material cost, complex manufacturing process, high technical requirements, and complexity of size and circuit structure.

Conclusion:

Compared with traditional hard boards, flexible boards have higher flexibility and bendability, adapt to various complex shapes and spatial layouts, and make circuit board design more flexible and diverse. With the advantages of small size and light weight, it greatly reduces the size and weight of the device, making it more convenient to carry electronic equipment. For the design and manufacture of various flexible circuit boards, you can contact BEST Technology, and we will provide you with comprehensive and best quality services.

What is BGA Full Form? – Best Technology

August 20th, 2024

The full form of BGA is Ball Grid Array. BGA is one of the most important elements in the electronic device. From smartphones to advanced computing systems, BGA electronics are everywhere. In this article, we will discuss what a BGA is? How does it work and its advantages & disadvantages in the modern electronics.

What is a BGA in PCB?

Ball grid Array (BGA) is a surface-mount package used to attach integrated circuits (ICs) to printed circuit boards (PCBs) to permanently protect devices such as microprocessors. Unlike the older through-hole method, BGA utilizes tiny solder balls that are arranged in a grid at the bottom of the IC package. These solder balls allow for more efficient connection to the PCB. BGA packages can accommodate more pins than other packages, such as Dual In-line Packages (DIP) or Quad Flat packages (QFP), and the entire underside of the device can be used as a pin, not just around it. It also has a shorter average line length than the package types defined around it for better high-speed performance.

What is BGA Full Form? - Best Technology

These solder balls can be configured manually or by automated machines and positioned by flux. When the device is fixed on the PCB by surface bonding technology, the arrangement of the bottom tin balls exactly corresponds to the position of the copper foil on the board. The production line then heats it up, either in a reflow oven or an infrared oven, to dissolve the tin balls. The surface tension causes the melted tin balls to hold the seal and align to the board. At the correct spacing, when the tin balls are cooled and fixed, the welded contacts are formed to connect the device to the PCB.

PCB boards with BGA generally have many via holes. Generally, the holes under the BGA chip is designed as a finished hole, with a diameter of 8~12mil. They need to be plugged, no ink and no drilling is allowed on the pad.

How does BGA works?

BGA works by replacing the traditional leads used in older packages with a grid of solder balls. When the IC is mounted to the PCB, the solder balls are heated, causing them to melt and create electrical connections. These connections ensure that the IC functions as intended by linking it directly to the board’s circuitry. The grid arrangement not only makes it possible to pack more connections into a smaller area but also improves the thermal performance, allowing heat to dissipate more efficiently. BGA ICs are thus more reliable and efficient in high-performance applications.

Types of BGA packages

There are many types of BGA packages, which can be categorized based on the arrangement of the solder balls into peripheral, staggered, and full array types. According to the different substrates, the main categories include PBGA (Plastic BGA), CBGA (Ceramic BGA), FCBGA (Flip-chip BGA), and TBGA (Tape BGA). Let’s explain different types of BGAs in detail.

What is BGA Full Form? - Best Technology

1. PBGA Package

PBGA is the most commonly used BGA packaging type, made using plastic materials and plastic processes. The substrate used is PCB substrate material (BT resin/glass laminate). The bare chip is attached and connected to the top of the substrate and the lead frame using bonding and WB technology, followed by molding through the injection process (epoxy film/plastic mixture). Intel CPUs, including Pentium II, III, and IV processors, use this packaging type.

The solder ball material is a low-melting-point eutectic solder alloy 63Sn37Pb, with a diameter of about 1mm and a spacing range of 1.27-2.54mm. The connection between the solder balls and the bottom of the package does not require additional solder. During assembly, the solder balls melt, joining with the PCB surface pads, forming a barrel shape.

What is BGA Full Form? - Best Technology

Features of PBGA packaging

  • Low production cost, high cost-effectiveness.
  • The solder balls participate in the reflow soldering joint formation, and the coplanarity requirements are relatively loose.
  • Good thermal compatibility with epoxy resin substrates, ensuring high quality and performance when assembled onto PCBs.
  • Sensitive to moisture, with a serious PoPCorn effect, which presents reliability issues. The height of the package is also a technical challenge compared to QFP.

2. CBGA Package

CBGA involves mounting the bare chip on the top surface of a ceramic multilayer substrate. A metal cover plate is soldered onto the substrate using sealing solder, protecting the chip, leads, and pads. The connected package undergoes hermetic sealing to improve reliability and physical protection. Pentium I, II, and Pentium Pro processors have used this packaging type. CBGA employs multilayer ceramic wiring substrates, with the solder ball material being high-melting-point 90Pb10Sn eutectic solder. The connection between the solder balls and the package is made using low-temperature eutectic solder 63Sn37Pb, with a sealed cap and glass hermetic sealing, placing it in the hermetic packaging category.

What is BGA Full Form? - Best Technology

Features of CBGA packaging

  • Not sensitive to moisture, high reliability, and excellent electrical and thermal performance.
  • Good CTE compatibility with ceramic substrates.
  • Better reworkability for connecting chips and components.
  • The bare chip uses FCB technology, allowing for higher interconnection density.
  • Higher packaging cost.
  • Poor CTE compatibility with substrates like epoxy resin.

3. FCBGA Package

FCBGA is currently the main packaging format for graphics accelerator chips. This packaging technology originated in the 1960s when IBM developed the so-called C4 (Controlled Collapse Chip Connection) technology for large computer assembly. It was later developed further to utilize the surface tension of molten bumps to support the chip’s weight and control the bump height, becoming a direction in flip-chip technology development.

This packaging uses small balls instead of pins to connect the processor. A total of 479 balls are used, each with a diameter of 0.78mm, providing the shortest external connection distance. FCBGA connects the chip to the substrate using FCB technology, differing from PBGA in that the bare chip faces downward.

4. TBGA Package

TBGA, also known as Tape Ball Grid Array, is a relatively novel BGA packaging format. It uses PI multilayer wiring substrates, and the solder ball material is high-melting-point solder alloy, with low-melting-point solder alloy used during welding.

What is BGA Full Form? - Best Technology

Advantages of BGA

  1. BGA packages are smaller in size compared to SOP packages. For the same memory IC and capacity, the volume of a BGA is only one-third that of an SOP package.
  2. In QFP and SOP packages, the leads are distributed around the perimeter of the package. As the number of leads increases, the spacing decreases, making the leads prone to deformation and bending. In contrast, BGA solder balls are located on the bottom of the package, and the spacing is larger, significantly improving the yield rate.
  3. BGA leads are very short, using solder balls instead of wires. The signal path is short, reducing inductance and capacitance, which enhances electrical performance.
  4. The spherical contact array and the gap formed with the substrate improve heat dissipation from the package body.
  5. BGA body and PCB board have good coplanarity, can effectively ensure the quality of welding.

Disadvantages of BGA

  1. After soldering, it is difficult to inspect and repair BGA packages. X-ray inspection is required to ensure the electrical performance of the solder joints. Quality cannot be determined through visual inspection or Automated Optical Inspection (AOI).
  2. Since the BGA pin is at the bottom of the body, which is easy to cause welding shadow effect, so the welding temperature curve is higher. The actual welding temperature must be monitored in real time.
  3. If individual BGA solder joints are faulty, the entire BGA package must be removed, re-balled, and then resoldered. This affects the throughput rate and electrical performance.
  4. BGA packages are more robust compared to QFP packages with 20 mil spacing. BGAs do not have leads that can bend or break. Soldering is secure, and if the BGA needs to be removed, a high-temperature rework station must be used.

What is the difference between BGA and FPGA?

BGA refers to a packaging type, while FPGA is a type of semiconductor device that can be programmed after manufacturing. An FPGA can be packaged in a BGA format, but they are not the same thing.

FPGA is further developed on the basis of traditional logic circuits and gate arrays such as PAL (Programmable logic Array), GAL (universal array logic), CPLD (complex programmable logic device). It uses computer-aided design to draw the schematic diagram, edit Boolean equation or use hardware description language as design input. Then through a series of conversion programs, automatic layout and wiring, simulation and simulation process; Finally, the data file of FPGA is generated and the FPGA device is initialized. In this way, the ASIC that meets the requirements of users is realized, and the purpose of designing, developing and producing integrated circuits by users is truly achieved.

What is BGA Full Form? - Best Technology

FPGA consists of programmable logic block (CLB), input/output module (IOB), programmable Interconnect resource (PIR) and static memory SRAM used to store programming data. CLBS are the basic units that implement logic functions, and they are usually arranged in a regular array, scattered throughout the chip. The IOB mainly completes the interface between the logic on the chip and the external pins, and is usually arranged around the chip. PIR provides a wealth of connection resources, including crossbar mesh connections, programmable switch matrices, and programmable connection points, which connect individual CLBS, CLBS and IOBs, and IOBs to form circuits for specific functions. Static memory SRAM is used to store the programming data of internal IOB, CLB and PIR, and form the control of IOB, CLB and PIR, so as to complete the system logic function.

If you want to know more about BGA, welcome to leave your message below.

What is a heavy copper PCB?

August 19th, 2024

With the development of society, the demand for heavy copper PCBs in different industries has become increasingly greater. At present, heavy copper PCBs have been widely used in various electronic industries. Generally speaking, heavy copper technology can realize complex switches in a limited space, combine circuits with high current levels, and is conducive to heat dissipation. Multilayer and double-sided are the most common designs we know. More importantly, heavy copper PCB technology makes it possible to combine good layout structures on the outer layer and Heavy copper layers on the inner layer.

What is a heavy copper PCB?

Heavy copper PCB is a special printed circuit board (PCB) characterized by a very high concentration of copper, usually up to 200 ounces per square foot, and the copper content of the inner and outer layers of the circuit board is above 3 ounces (oz), which enables heavy copper PCBs to conduct extremely high currents, achieve good heat distribution, and realize complex circuit layouts in a limited space.

What is a heavy copper PCB?

In the design and manufacturing process of heavy copper PCBs, thermal stress handling is an important consideration. Engineers need to eliminate thermal stress as much as possible to maintain the circuit while minimizing the power budget, while taking into account environmentally friendly design.

With the development of PCB manufacturing process, modern manufacturing technology such as the use of aluminum PCB can better handle thermal stress problems.

The heat dissipation capacity of Heavy copper PCB is better than the traditional solution of using external heat sink, because it prints the heat sink directly on the circuit board during the manufacturing process, and achieves rapid heat transfer through conductive through-holes, thereby improving heat dissipation performance.

In general, Heavy copper PCB is a high-performance electronic component carrier, which provides an ideal solution for applications requiring high power and high reliability through its high copper content and optimized thermal management characteristics.

What is the difference between PCB and Heavy copper PCB?

Copper board and Heavy copper board look similar in name, and people tend to think that they are the same PCB, but in fact they refer to different things.

1. PCB:

PCB refers to a copper-based PCB. The use of copper as a substrate is to better dissipate heat and extend the life of components on the PCB. The copper substrate is to allow heat to be quickly transferred from the PCB to the outside, such as a heat sink or a metal casing. Because the thermal conductivity of copper is several times that of aluminum or other metals, up to 401W/MK.

What is a heavy copper PCB?

2. Heavy copper PCB:

Heavy copper PCB refers to PCB with copper thickness exceeding 3OZ. The substrate can be aluminum or FR4. Heavy copper is to enable PCB to carry large current. Please note that Heavy copper here does not refer to the thickness of PCB, but the thickness of copper foil on PCB. Both aluminum PCB and FR4 PCB can thicken the copper foil.

What is the maximum copper thickness on Heavy copper PCB?

‌The maximum thickness of copper on Heavy copper PCB can reach 20oz. ‌

In circuit board design and manufacturing, copper thickness is an important parameter, which directly affects the electrical performance, heat dissipation capacity and mechanical strength of the circuit board. For applications that need to carry large currents, it is necessary to choose a thicker copper layer.

The copper layer thickness of Heavy copper ultra-thick PCB is generally between 2oz and 20oz. This range of copper layer thickness can ensure the stability and reliability of the circuit board while providing good heat dissipation performance.

 In practical applications, according to international standards, the copper thickness of PCB boards can be divided into standard copper thickness and non-standard copper thickness. Standard copper thickness includes 1oz (35um) and 2oz (70um), while non-standard copper thickness covers 0.5oz (17um), 3oz (105um) and 4oz (140um). For some special applications, such as high-power LED lights, electronic high-frequency circuits, etc., a higher copper thickness may be required. At this time, non-standard copper thickness will be selected, up to 20oz.

During the manufacturing process, a Heavy copper foil is first adhered to the substrate, and then the circuit pattern is transferred to the copper foil through a photolithography process. Then chemical etching is performed to remove excess copper, and finally the thickness of the copper layer is further increased through an electroplating process to ensure that the Heavy copper PCB can meet the requirements of high current and high power applications.

Finally, surface treatment is performed to protect the copper circuit from oxidation and corrosion. Common surface treatment methods include hot air leveling (HASL), lead-free tin spraying, nickel gold (ENIG), etc. During the entire manufacturing process, process parameters must also be strictly monitored to ensure the uniformity and thickness consistency of the copper layer.

What are the advantages of Heavy copper PCBs?

1. Heavy copper PCBs have better current conductivity and can withstand excessive current loads. Because thicker copper wires have higher current carrying capacity, their current carrying capacity can be increased by increasing the copper wire width.

2. Heavy copper inner layers are ideal power distribution layers in multi-layer PCBs, which minimize ground bounce and power supply noise

3. Improve thermal performance and increase heat dissipation. Can withstand repeated thermal cycles during manufacturing and assembly.

4. Provide high mechanical strength in connector locations and plated through holes.

5. Due to the presence of copper layers, the size of the circuit board is reduced.

What are the disadvantages of Heavy copper PCBs?

1. Heavy copper PCBs are more expensive to manufacture than standard PCBs because more specialized equipment and richer expertise are required.

2. Heavy copper PCBs are more difficult to process because the PCBs may be heavier and bulkier than other PCBs.

What are the properties of Heavy copper PCBs?

High mechanical strength: After Heavy copper is applied to the circuits and vias of the board, the printed circuit board has super high mechanical strength, and the weather resistance of the circuit board and electrical system is more stable and has a high melting point. Hot melt welding methods such as oxygen blowing can be used, and it is not easy to become brittle at low temperatures. Even in an extremely corrosive atmospheric environment, Heavy copper PCBs can form a strong, non-toxic passivation protective layer.

Excellent weather resistance: Because Heavy copper PCB boards support the selection of a variety of dielectric materials. It improves the overall weather resistance of the board and can ensure the stability of circuit transmission signals under certain high temperature or extreme special environments.

Thermal management: With the advancement of modern technology, PCBs are becoming more and more complex, and high-density currents increase the difficulty of thermal management. Excessive temperature will affect the normal operation of electronic equipment and even cause damage. Heavy copper PCB boards can provide stronger heat dissipation capabilities. With heat sinks and copper plating on through holes, the heat generation of the board can be greatly reduced.

Excellent current conductivity: In the operation of electronic equipment, Heavy copper printed circuit boards are excellent current conductors that can connect and transmit power between various boards.

Diversity: Plating of Heavy copper circuits allows Heavy copper PCB manufacturers to increase the copper weight of via sidewalls and plated holes, thereby reducing the number of layers and occupied space.

Ductility: Heavy copper PCBs have the best ductility and are not limited by processing temperature.

High performance: Heavy copper plating integrates high current and control circuits, allowing high density with a simple board structure.

Where are Heavy copper PCBs used?

1. Automotive electronics

What is a heavy copper PCB?

2. Grid switching systems

3. Power line monitors

4. Security and signal systems

5. Radar monitoring systems

6. Industrial control

7. Aerospace

8. Telecommunications

9. Medical devices

Conclusion:

In PCB production, Heavy copper PCBs require special processes, are difficult to operate, and have certain technical barriers, so the production cost of Heavy copper PCBs is higher than other ordinary circuit boards. Although the price is not cheap, the quality and service are the best.

BEST Technology has more than 18 years of PCB manufacturing experience. Focusing not only on fast PCB prototyping and PCB assembly, but also on small and medium batch PCB manufacturing, customer satisfaction is our goal, we will do our best to manufacture your circuit boards in the highest quality to meet your needs, and are committed to complying with the most stringent standards in PCB manufacturing and assembly. ‌